{ "_meta": { "site": "https://usstats.io", "page": "https://usstats.io/data/", "license": "Public-domain government and published survey data; cite the publisher named in each series' source field.", "schema": "series[key] = { name, category, unit, coverage{first,last,points}, goodDirection (up|down|neutral|null), partialYear, partialThrough (YYYY-MM), source, sourceUrl, historicalSourceUrls[], note, data{year: value}, and for sub-annual series also cadence (monthly|quarterly|biweekly), annualRule, native{period: value} with period = YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD }. Values in data are annual figures in the stated unit; a partialYear value is a year-to-date figure through partialThrough; native holds the publisher's own cadence and data is derived from it by annualRule. Read `note` before comparing across a methodology break.", "siblings": { "csvLong": "https://usstats.io/data/stats.csv", "csvWide": "https://usstats.io/data/stats-wide.csv", "csvNative": "https://usstats.io/data/stats-native.csv" }, "seriesCount": 301, "dataPoints": 12738 }, "generated": "2026-09-11T23:07:19.535Z", "series": { "unemployment": { "name": "Unemployment Rate", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED UNRATE", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS U-3 unemployment rate, annual average of monthly figures.", "data": { "1948": 3.8, "1949": 6, "1950": 5.2, "1951": 3.3, "1952": 3, "1953": 2.9, "1954": 5.6, "1955": 4.4, "1956": 4.1, "1957": 4.3, "1958": 6.8, "1959": 5.5, "1960": 5.5, "1961": 6.7, "1962": 5.6, "1963": 5.6, "1964": 5.2, "1965": 4.5, "1966": 3.8, "1967": 3.8, "1968": 3.6, "1969": 3.5, "1970": 5, "1971": 6, "1972": 5.6, "1973": 4.9, "1974": 5.6, "1975": 8.5, "1976": 7.7, "1977": 7.1, "1978": 6.1, "1979": 5.9, "1980": 7.2, "1981": 7.6, "1982": 9.7, "1983": 9.6, "1984": 7.5, "1985": 7.2, "1986": 7, "1987": 6.2, "1988": 5.5, "1989": 5.3, "1990": 5.6, "1991": 6.8, "1992": 7.5, "1993": 6.9, "1994": 6.1, "1995": 5.6, "1996": 5.4, "1997": 4.9, "1998": 4.5, "1999": 4.2, "2000": 4, "2001": 4.7, "2002": 5.8, "2003": 6, "2004": 5.5, "2005": 5.1, "2006": 4.6, "2007": 4.6, "2008": 5.8, "2009": 9.3, "2010": 9.6, "2011": 8.9, "2012": 8.1, "2013": 7.4, "2014": 6.2, "2015": 5.3, "2016": 4.9, "2017": 4.4, "2018": 3.9, "2019": 3.7, "2020": 8.1, "2021": 5.4, "2022": 3.7, "2023": 3.6, "2024": 4, "2025": 4.3, "2026": 4.3 } }, "underemployment": { "name": "Underemployment (U-6)", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2026, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED U6RATE", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/U6RATE", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS U-6: unemployed plus marginally attached plus part-time for economic reasons. Published from 1994.", "data": { "1994": 10.9, "1995": 10.1, "1996": 9.7, "1997": 8.9, "1998": 8, "1999": 7.4, "2000": 7, "2001": 8.2, "2002": 9.6, "2003": 10.1, "2004": 9.6, "2005": 8.9, "2006": 8.2, "2007": 8.3, "2008": 10.5, "2009": 16.3, "2010": 16.7, "2011": 15.9, "2012": 14.7, "2013": 13.8, "2014": 12, "2015": 10.5, "2016": 9.6, "2017": 8.5, "2018": 7.7, "2019": 7.2, "2020": 13.7, "2021": 9.4, "2022": 6.9, "2023": 6.9, "2024": 7.5, "2025": 8, "2026": 8 } }, "laborforce": { "name": "Labor Force Participation", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CIVPART", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CIVPART", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Share of the civilian population 16+ working or looking for work.", "data": { "1948": 58.8, "1949": 59, "1950": 59.2, "1951": 59.3, "1952": 59.1, "1953": 58.9, "1954": 58.8, "1955": 59.2, "1956": 60, "1957": 59.6, "1958": 59.5, "1959": 59.3, "1960": 59.4, "1961": 59.3, "1962": 58.8, "1963": 58.7, "1964": 58.7, "1965": 58.8, "1966": 59.2, "1967": 59.6, "1968": 59.6, "1969": 60.1, "1970": 60.4, "1971": 60.2, "1972": 60.4, "1973": 60.8, "1974": 61.3, "1975": 61.2, "1976": 61.6, "1977": 62.2, "1978": 63.1, "1979": 63.7, "1980": 63.8, "1981": 63.9, "1982": 64, "1983": 64, "1984": 64.4, "1985": 64.8, "1986": 65.2, "1987": 65.6, "1988": 65.9, "1989": 66.4, "1990": 66.5, "1991": 66.2, "1992": 66.4, "1993": 66.3, "1994": 66.6, "1995": 66.6, "1996": 66.8, "1997": 67.1, "1998": 67.1, "1999": 67.1, "2000": 67.1, "2001": 66.8, "2002": 66.6, "2003": 66.2, "2004": 66, "2005": 66, "2006": 66.2, "2007": 66, "2008": 66, "2009": 65.4, "2010": 64.7, "2011": 64.1, "2012": 63.7, "2013": 63.3, "2014": 62.9, "2015": 62.7, "2016": 62.8, "2017": 62.9, "2018": 62.9, "2019": 63.1, "2020": 61.7, "2021": 61.7, "2022": 62.2, "2023": 62.6, "2024": 62.6, "2025": 62.4, "2026": 61.8 } }, "primeAgeEmployment": { "name": "Prime-Age Employment Rate", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of 25–54-year-olds employed, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Current Population Survey via FRED (LNS12300060)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS12300060", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Employment-population ratio for ages 25 to 54, seasonally adjusted monthly, averaged by calendar year. The cleanest long-run read on whether working-age Americans have jobs, unaffected by retirement and schooling trends that move the overall rate.", "data": { "1948": 63, "1949": 62.1, "1950": 62.8, "1951": 64.4, "1952": 65, "1953": 65.3, "1954": 63.9, "1955": 65.2, "1956": 65.9, "1957": 66, "1958": 64.6, "1959": 65.6, "1960": 65.8, "1961": 65.3, "1962": 66, "1963": 66.4, "1964": 67, "1965": 67.6, "1966": 68.5, "1967": 69, "1968": 69.5, "1969": 70, "1970": 69.6, "1971": 69, "1972": 69.5, "1973": 70.5, "1974": 70.8, "1975": 69.3, "1976": 70.6, "1977": 71.9, "1978": 73.6, "1979": 74.6, "1980": 74.3, "1981": 74.7, "1982": 73.5, "1983": 73.7, "1984": 75.8, "1985": 76.7, "1986": 77.3, "1987": 78.4, "1988": 79.2, "1989": 79.9, "1990": 79.7, "1991": 78.6, "1992": 78.3, "1993": 78.5, "1994": 79.2, "1995": 79.7, "1996": 80.2, "1997": 80.9, "1998": 81.1, "1999": 81.4, "2000": 81.5, "2001": 80.5, "2002": 79.3, "2003": 78.8, "2004": 79, "2005": 79.3, "2006": 79.8, "2007": 79.9, "2008": 79.1, "2009": 75.8, "2010": 75.1, "2011": 75.1, "2012": 75.7, "2013": 75.9, "2014": 76.7, "2015": 77.2, "2016": 77.9, "2017": 78.6, "2018": 79.4, "2019": 79.9, "2020": 75.6, "2021": 77.6, "2022": 79.9, "2023": 80.7, "2024": 80.7, "2025": 73.9, "2026": 80.6 } }, "payrollWomen": { "name": "Women's Share of Payroll Jobs", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of all nonfarm payroll jobs held by women", "coverage": { "first": 1964, "last": 2026, "points": 63 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED (CES0000000010 ÷ PAYEMS)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES0000000010", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Women employees as a share of all employees on total nonfarm payrolls (BLS Current Employment Statistics, seasonally adjusted, monthly since 1964; annual value is the mean of the months). Payroll jobs, not people: multiple jobholders are counted at each job, and farm work and self-employment are excluded. Women first crossed 50% in the monthly data in June 2009 (recession-driven, reversed May 2010), again from November 2019 until the pandemic (April 2020), touched it in August 2025, and crossed again in February 2026 — the first sustained majority. Latest month (2026-07): 50.06% women.", "data": { "1964": 31.84, "1965": 32.21, "1966": 33.08, "1967": 33.86, "1968": 34.51, "1969": 35.05, "1970": 35.6, "1971": 35.92, "1972": 36.19, "1973": 36.67, "1974": 37.48, "1975": 38.22, "1976": 38.93, "1977": 39.63, "1978": 40.18, "1979": 40.79, "1980": 41.78, "1981": 42.41, "1982": 43.22, "1983": 43.8, "1984": 44.18, "1985": 44.73, "1986": 45.5, "1987": 46.05, "1988": 46.42, "1989": 46.78, "1990": 47.13, "1991": 47.71, "1992": 47.97, "1993": 47.99, "1994": 47.94, "1995": 47.95, "1996": 47.99, "1997": 48.03, "1998": 47.94, "1999": 47.97, "2000": 48.03, "2001": 48.37, "2002": 48.68, "2003": 48.72, "2004": 48.59, "2005": 48.5, "2006": 48.25, "2007": 48.65, "2008": 49.16, "2009": 49.98, "2010": 49.94, "2011": 49.61, "2012": 49.48, "2013": 49.45, "2014": 49.35, "2015": 49.34, "2016": 49.55, "2017": 49.54, "2018": 49.66, "2019": 49.9, "2020": 49.7, "2021": 49.76, "2022": 49.77, "2023": 49.84, "2024": 49.91, "2025": 49.96, "2026": 50.04 } }, "payrollMen": { "name": "Men's Share of Payroll Jobs", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of all nonfarm payroll jobs held by men", "coverage": { "first": 1964, "last": 2026, "points": 63 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED (100 − women's share)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS", "historicalSourceUrls": [], "note": "Complement of the women's-share series: 100 minus women's percent of total nonfarm payroll employment. Rendered as the second line of the same chart.", "data": { "1964": 68.16, "1965": 67.79, "1966": 66.92, "1967": 66.14, "1968": 65.49, "1969": 64.95, "1970": 64.4, "1971": 64.08, "1972": 63.81, "1973": 63.33, "1974": 62.52, "1975": 61.78, "1976": 61.07, "1977": 60.37, "1978": 59.82, "1979": 59.21, "1980": 58.22, "1981": 57.59, "1982": 56.78, "1983": 56.2, "1984": 55.82, "1985": 55.27, "1986": 54.5, "1987": 53.95, "1988": 53.58, "1989": 53.22, "1990": 52.87, "1991": 52.29, "1992": 52.03, "1993": 52.01, "1994": 52.06, "1995": 52.05, "1996": 52.01, "1997": 51.97, "1998": 52.06, "1999": 52.03, "2000": 51.97, "2001": 51.63, "2002": 51.32, "2003": 51.28, "2004": 51.41, "2005": 51.5, "2006": 51.75, "2007": 51.35, "2008": 50.84, "2009": 50.02, "2010": 50.06, "2011": 50.39, "2012": 50.52, "2013": 50.55, "2014": 50.65, "2015": 50.66, "2016": 50.45, "2017": 50.46, "2018": 50.34, "2019": 50.1, "2020": 50.3, "2021": 50.24, "2022": 50.23, "2023": 50.16, "2024": 50.09, "2025": 50.04, "2026": 49.96 } }, "gdpGrowth": { "name": "Real GDP Growth", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent per year", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2025, "points": 96 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED A191RL1A225NBEA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RL1A225NBEA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BEA real GDP, annual percent change.", "data": { "1930": -8.5, "1931": -6.4, "1932": -12.9, "1933": -1.2, "1934": 10.8, "1935": 8.9, "1936": 12.9, "1937": 5.1, "1938": -3.3, "1939": 8, "1940": 8.8, "1941": 17.7, "1942": 18.9, "1943": 17, "1944": 7.9, "1945": -1, "1946": -11.6, "1947": -1.1, "1948": 4.1, "1949": -0.6, "1950": 8.7, "1951": 8, "1952": 4.1, "1953": 4.7, "1954": -0.6, "1955": 7.1, "1956": 2.1, "1957": 2.1, "1958": -0.7, "1959": 6.9, "1960": 2.6, "1961": 2.6, "1962": 6.1, "1963": 4.4, "1964": 5.8, "1965": 6.5, "1966": 6.6, "1967": 2.7, "1968": 4.9, "1969": 3.1, "1970": 0.2, "1971": 3.3, "1972": 5.3, "1973": 5.6, "1974": -0.5, "1975": -0.2, "1976": 5.4, "1977": 4.6, "1978": 5.5, "1979": 3.2, "1980": -0.3, "1981": 2.5, "1982": -1.8, "1983": 4.6, "1984": 7.2, "1985": 4.2, "1986": 3.5, "1987": 3.5, "1988": 4.2, "1989": 3.7, "1990": 1.9, "1991": -0.1, "1992": 3.5, "1993": 2.7, "1994": 4, "1995": 2.7, "1996": 3.8, "1997": 4.4, "1998": 4.5, "1999": 4.8, "2000": 4.1, "2001": 1, "2002": 1.7, "2003": 2.8, "2004": 3.8, "2005": 3.5, "2006": 2.8, "2007": 2, "2008": 0.1, "2009": -2.6, "2010": 2.7, "2011": 1.6, "2012": 2.3, "2013": 2.1, "2014": 2.5, "2015": 2.9, "2016": 1.8, "2017": 2.5, "2018": 3, "2019": 2.6, "2020": -2.1, "2021": 6.2, "2022": 2.5, "2023": 2.9, "2024": 2.8, "2025": 2.1 } }, "productivity": { "name": "Labor Productivity", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "index, 2017 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1947, "last": 2026, "points": 80 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "FRED OPHNFB", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OPHNFB", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS nonfarm business output per hour, annual average of quarters.", "data": { "1947": 22.5, "1948": 23.1, "1949": 23.8, "1950": 25.4, "1951": 26.1, "1952": 26.6, "1953": 27.2, "1954": 27.8, "1955": 28.9, "1956": 28.8, "1957": 29.5, "1958": 30.2, "1959": 31.3, "1960": 31.6, "1961": 32.7, "1962": 34.1, "1963": 35.3, "1964": 36.2, "1965": 37.4, "1966": 38.8, "1967": 39.5, "1968": 40.8, "1969": 40.9, "1970": 41.5, "1971": 43.1, "1972": 44.6, "1973": 46, "1974": 45.2, "1975": 46.4, "1976": 48.1, "1977": 48.9, "1978": 49.6, "1979": 49.5, "1980": 49.5, "1981": 50.2, "1982": 49.8, "1983": 51.8, "1984": 53, "1985": 53.9, "1986": 55.5, "1987": 55.8, "1988": 56.7, "1989": 57.2, "1990": 58.2, "1991": 59.1, "1992": 61.8, "1993": 61.8, "1994": 62.3, "1995": 62.9, "1996": 64.3, "1997": 65.5, "1998": 67.7, "1999": 70.3, "2000": 72.5, "2001": 74.3, "2002": 77.5, "2003": 80.4, "2004": 82.7, "2005": 84.6, "2006": 85.4, "2007": 86.8, "2008": 87.9, "2009": 91.5, "2010": 94.4, "2011": 94.3, "2012": 95.2, "2013": 95.8, "2014": 96.8, "2015": 98, "2016": 98.6, "2017": 100.1, "2018": 101.5, "2019": 103.6, "2020": 109.1, "2021": 111.4, "2022": 109.8, "2023": 112.1, "2024": 115.4, "2025": 118, "2026": 119.8 } }, "inflation": { "name": "CPI Inflation", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent per year", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CPIAUCSL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CPI-U year-over-year change; partial years compare matching months.", "data": { "1948": 7.7, "1949": -1, "1950": 1.1, "1951": 7.9, "1952": 2.3, "1953": 0.8, "1954": 0.4, "1955": -0.3, "1956": 1.5, "1957": 3.4, "1958": 2.7, "1959": 0.9, "1960": 1.5, "1961": 1.1, "1962": 1.2, "1963": 1.3, "1964": 1.3, "1965": 1.6, "1966": 3, "1967": 2.8, "1968": 4.2, "1969": 5.4, "1970": 5.9, "1971": 4.2, "1972": 3.3, "1973": 6.3, "1974": 11, "1975": 9.1, "1976": 5.8, "1977": 6.5, "1978": 7.6, "1979": 11.3, "1980": 13.5, "1981": 10.4, "1982": 6.2, "1983": 3.2, "1984": 4.4, "1985": 3.5, "1986": 1.9, "1987": 3.6, "1988": 4.1, "1989": 4.8, "1990": 5.4, "1991": 4.2, "1992": 3, "1993": 3, "1994": 2.6, "1995": 2.8, "1996": 2.9, "1997": 2.3, "1998": 1.5, "1999": 2.2, "2000": 3.4, "2001": 2.8, "2002": 1.6, "2003": 2.3, "2004": 2.7, "2005": 3.4, "2006": 3.2, "2007": 2.9, "2008": 3.8, "2009": -0.3, "2010": 1.6, "2011": 3.1, "2012": 2.1, "2013": 1.5, "2014": 1.6, "2015": 0.1, "2016": 1.3, "2017": 2.1, "2018": 2.4, "2019": 1.8, "2020": 1.3, "2021": 4.7, "2022": 8, "2023": 4.1, "2024": 3, "2025": 2.8, "2026": 3.3 } }, "income": { "name": "Real Median Household Income", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "2024 dollars", "coverage": { "first": 1984, "last": 2024, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED MEHOINUSA672N", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEHOINUSA672N", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census/BLS, inflation-adjusted; published with a one-year lag.", "data": { "1984": 60420, "1985": 61570, "1986": 63850, "1987": 64650, "1988": 65130, "1989": 66240, "1990": 65440, "1991": 63530, "1992": 63010, "1993": 62700, "1994": 63370, "1995": 65380, "1996": 66340, "1997": 67720, "1998": 70200, "1999": 71980, "2000": 71790, "2001": 70610, "2002": 70040, "2003": 70080, "2004": 69970, "2005": 71060, "2006": 71850, "2007": 73010, "2008": 70520, "2009": 70070, "2010": 68420, "2011": 67410, "2012": 67400, "2013": 69950, "2014": 69060, "2015": 72790, "2016": 75380, "2017": 76710, "2018": 77700, "2019": 83260, "2020": 81580, "2021": 81270, "2022": 79500, "2023": 82690, "2024": 83730 } }, "manufacturing": { "name": "Manufacturing Jobs", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "employees, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1939, "last": 2026, "points": 88 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED MANEMP", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MANEMP", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS payroll employment in manufacturing, annual average of monthly figures. FRED serves thousands; converted to persons.", "data": { "1939": 9450300, "1940": 10101600, "1941": 12127100, "1942": 14040200, "1943": 16163300, "1944": 15909800, "1945": 14253800, "1946": 13504400, "1947": 14276700, "1948": 14316500, "1949": 13279400, "1950": 14014100, "1951": 15070100, "1952": 15289800, "1953": 16128700, "1954": 14999200, "1955": 15521300, "1956": 15855900, "1957": 15797000, "1958": 14656300, "1959": 15325700, "1960": 15437300, "1961": 15009800, "1962": 15497100, "1963": 15631900, "1964": 15888700, "1965": 16618200, "1966": 17680800, "1967": 17897200, "1968": 18210800, "1969": 18572300, "1970": 17847100, "1971": 17171000, "1972": 17664100, "1973": 18584200, "1974": 18512300, "1975": 16912600, "1976": 17537500, "1977": 18173800, "1978": 18935700, "1979": 19427600, "1980": 18732400, "1981": 18634000, "1982": 17363600, "1983": 17049200, "1984": 17920700, "1985": 17818500, "1986": 17551900, "1987": 17608500, "1988": 17905300, "1989": 17984000, "1990": 17694700, "1991": 17068300, "1992": 16800300, "1993": 16776000, "1994": 17023800, "1995": 17244500, "1996": 17236800, "1997": 17418100, "1998": 17560100, "1999": 17322700, "2000": 17265000, "2001": 16440700, "2002": 15257000, "2003": 14508400, "2004": 14314900, "2005": 14224000, "2006": 14152400, "2007": 13871400, "2008": 13394600, "2009": 11836300, "2010": 11514300, "2011": 11710400, "2012": 11907700, "2013": 11996800, "2014": 12160000, "2015": 12307800, "2016": 12323500, "2017": 12406400, "2018": 12652900, "2019": 12778800, "2020": 12125000, "2021": 12311500, "2022": 12768500, "2023": 12873300, "2024": 12789300, "2025": 12632300, "2026": 12596000 } }, "unionMembership": { "name": "Union Membership", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of employed wage and salary workers who are union members", "coverage": { "first": 1983, "last": 2025, "points": 43 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Current Population Survey (series LUU0204899600)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.toc.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/LUU0204899600", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Union members as a percent of employed wage and salary workers aged 16+, annual averages from the CPS. BLS's consistent series begins in 1983; earlier figures came from a different survey and are not spliced in.", "data": { "1983": 20.1, "1984": 18.8, "1985": 18, "1986": 17.5, "1987": 17, "1988": 16.8, "1989": 16.4, "1990": 16, "1991": 16, "1992": 15.7, "1993": 15.7, "1994": 15.5, "1995": 14.9, "1996": 14.5, "1997": 14.1, "1998": 13.9, "1999": 13.9, "2000": 13.4, "2001": 13.3, "2002": 13.3, "2003": 12.9, "2004": 12.5, "2005": 12.5, "2006": 12, "2007": 12.1, "2008": 12.4, "2009": 12.3, "2010": 11.9, "2011": 11.8, "2012": 11.3, "2013": 11.3, "2014": 11.1, "2015": 11.1, "2016": 10.7, "2017": 10.7, "2018": 10.5, "2019": 10.3, "2020": 10.8, "2021": 10.3, "2022": 10.1, "2023": 10, "2024": 9.9, "2025": 10 } }, "business": { "name": "New Business Applications", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "applications per year", "coverage": { "first": 2005, "last": 2025, "points": 21 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED BABATOTALSAUS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BABATOTALSAUS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census Business Formation Statistics; tracking began July 2004, so the series starts 2005. Partial years excluded.", "data": { "2005": 2504996, "2006": 2621411, "2007": 2652392, "2008": 2521737, "2009": 2428403, "2010": 2497405, "2011": 2573236, "2012": 2574634, "2013": 2610142, "2014": 2666367, "2015": 2822714, "2016": 2975857, "2017": 3197455, "2018": 3498607, "2019": 3517607, "2020": 4379813, "2021": 5408801, "2022": 5083802, "2023": 5489174, "2024": 5246630, "2025": 5636988 } }, "debt": { "name": "Revolving Consumer Credit", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "billions of dollars, year-end", "coverage": { "first": 1968, "last": 2026, "points": 59 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "FRED REVOLSL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/REVOLSL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed G.19 revolving credit (overwhelmingly credit cards), nominal; current year shows latest month. FRED serves millions; converted to billions.", "data": { "1968": 2, "1969": 3.6, "1970": 5, "1971": 8.2, "1972": 9.4, "1973": 11.3, "1974": 13.2, "1975": 14.5, "1976": 16.5, "1977": 37.4, "1978": 45.7, "1979": 53.6, "1980": 55, "1981": 60.9, "1982": 66.3, "1983": 79, "1984": 100.4, "1985": 124.5, "1986": 141.1, "1987": 160.9, "1988": 184.6, "1989": 211.2, "1990": 238.6, "1991": 263.8, "1992": 278.4, "1993": 309.9, "1994": 365.6, "1995": 443.9, "1996": 507.5, "1997": 540, "1998": 581.4, "1999": 610.7, "2000": 682.6, "2001": 714.8, "2002": 750.9, "2003": 768.3, "2004": 799.6, "2005": 829.5, "2006": 923.9, "2007": 1001.6, "2008": 1004, "2009": 916.1, "2010": 839.1, "2011": 840.2, "2012": 840, "2013": 854.1, "2014": 887.4, "2015": 898.1, "2016": 960.1, "2017": 1016.8, "2018": 1053.8, "2019": 1092, "2020": 954.6, "2021": 1033.5, "2022": 1192.6, "2023": 1298.9, "2024": 1297, "2025": 1324.3, "2026": 1351.1 } }, "creditCardDelinquency": { "name": "Credit Card Delinquency Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of credit card balances 30+ days past due, all commercial banks, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1991, "last": 2026, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Reserve Board via FRED (DRCCLACBS)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DRCCLACBS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Delinquency rate on credit card loans at all commercial banks (Fed Board Charge-Off and Delinquency Rates release): loans 30 days or more past due plus nonaccrual, seasonally adjusted, as a percent of balances. Annual value is the mean of the four quarters. Covers bank-held cards only; the New York Fed's serious (90+ day) delinquency series from the Consumer Credit Panel is in this dataset as creditCardSeriousDelinquency.", "data": { "1991": 5.35, "1992": 5.01, "1993": 4.26, "1994": 3.36, "1995": 3.75, "1996": 4.34, "1997": 4.73, "1998": 4.74, "1999": 4.6, "2000": 4.51, "2001": 4.86, "2002": 4.86, "2003": 4.47, "2004": 4.12, "2005": 3.7, "2006": 4.01, "2007": 4.25, "2008": 5.03, "2009": 6.53, "2010": 4.9, "2011": 3.54, "2012": 2.88, "2013": 2.5, "2014": 2.23, "2015": 2.14, "2016": 2.25, "2017": 2.48, "2018": 2.51, "2019": 2.58, "2020": 2.31, "2021": 1.64, "2022": 1.96, "2023": 2.82, "2024": 3.17, "2025": 3.01, "2026": 2.88 } }, "bankruptcies": { "name": "Consumer Bankruptcies", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "thousands of consumers with a new bankruptcy notation per year", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Household Debt and Credit Report (Consumer Credit Panel/Equifax)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/hhdc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Number of consumers with a new bankruptcy notation on their credit file, summed across the four quarters of each year, from the New York Fed Consumer Credit Panel. The spike and collapse around October 2005 is the BAPCPA bankruptcy-reform filing rush. Only full years are included. US Courts' Table F-2 filing counts are the administrative alternative; this panel series is used because it is one machine-readable file back to 2003.", "data": { "2003": 2299.4, "2004": 2217.7, "2005": 2741.1, "2006": 1012.3, "2007": 1220.1, "2008": 1548.2, "2009": 1942.4, "2010": 2106.2, "2011": 1755.7, "2012": 1460.6, "2013": 1377, "2014": 1104.7, "2015": 959.7, "2016": 848.8, "2017": 836.3, "2018": 826.2, "2019": 814.3, "2020": 577.1, "2021": 425.6, "2022": 383.9, "2023": 445.8, "2024": 506.3, "2025": 501.6 } }, "studentDebt": { "name": "Student Loan Debt", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "billions of dollars, year-end", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2024, "points": 19 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED SLOAS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SLOAS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed G.19 student loans owned and securitized, nominal. The series was discontinued after 2024 Q4, so it ends there. FRED serves millions; converted to billions.", "data": { "2006": 521.4, "2007": 589.5, "2008": 676, "2009": 771.7, "2010": 855.5, "2011": 959.8, "2012": 1054.6, "2013": 1145.6, "2014": 1235.8, "2015": 1320.2, "2016": 1405.3, "2017": 1488.9, "2018": 1566.9, "2019": 1637.9, "2020": 1693.9, "2021": 1733.4, "2022": 1764.1, "2023": 1729.1, "2024": 1777.1 } }, "saving": { "name": "Personal Saving Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of disposable income", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2026, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "FRED PSAVERT", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PSAVERT", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BEA personal saving as share of disposable personal income.", "data": { "1959": 10.3, "1960": 10.1, "1961": 11.3, "1962": 11.2, "1963": 10.7, "1964": 11.6, "1965": 11.4, "1966": 11.2, "1967": 12.3, "1968": 11.3, "1969": 10.9, "1970": 12.8, "1971": 13.5, "1972": 12.3, "1973": 13.5, "1974": 13.3, "1975": 13.4, "1976": 11.6, "1977": 10.7, "1978": 10.7, "1979": 10.3, "1980": 11.1, "1981": 11.7, "1982": 12, "1983": 10.1, "1984": 11.2, "1985": 9.1, "1986": 8.8, "1987": 7.5, "1988": 8.4, "1989": 8.3, "1990": 8.4, "1991": 8.9, "1992": 9.4, "1993": 7.8, "1994": 6.8, "1995": 6.9, "1996": 6.3, "1997": 6, "1998": 6.5, "1999": 4.6, "2000": 4.3, "2001": 4.7, "2002": 5.6, "2003": 5.2, "2004": 4.7, "2005": 2.3, "2006": 2.8, "2007": 2.5, "2008": 4.1, "2009": 5.7, "2010": 5.9, "2011": 6.6, "2012": 7.9, "2013": 5, "2014": 5.5, "2015": 5.8, "2016": 5.4, "2017": 5.8, "2018": 6.4, "2019": 7.3, "2020": 15.1, "2021": 11.3, "2022": 3.3, "2023": 5.6, "2024": 5.4, "2025": 4.6, "2026": 3.4 } }, "debtService": { "name": "Household Debt Service Ratio", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of disposable income", "coverage": { "first": 2005, "last": 2026, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-01", "source": "FRED TDSP", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TDSP", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed: required debt payments as share of disposable income.", "data": { "2005": 14.9, "2006": 15.2, "2007": 15.7, "2008": 15.6, "2009": 15.2, "2010": 14, "2011": 13, "2012": 12, "2013": 11.9, "2014": 11.7, "2015": 11.6, "2016": 11.8, "2017": 11.8, "2018": 11.6, "2019": 11.6, "2020": 10.4, "2021": 9.8, "2022": 10.6, "2023": 10.7, "2024": 11.1, "2025": 11.2, "2026": 11.2 } }, "fedDebt": { "name": "Federal Debt to GDP", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of GDP", "coverage": { "first": 1966, "last": 2026, "points": 61 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-01", "source": "FRED GFDEGDQ188S", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEGDQ188S", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total public debt as percent of GDP, annual average of quarters.", "data": { "1966": 39.7, "1967": 38.8, "1968": 37.4, "1969": 35.4, "1970": 35.2, "1971": 34.9, "1972": 33.9, "1973": 32.4, "1974": 31.1, "1975": 32.2, "1976": 33.5, "1977": 33.2, "1978": 32.4, "1979": 31.2, "1980": 31.3, "1981": 30.9, "1982": 33.5, "1983": 36.8, "1984": 38.4, "1985": 41.8, "1986": 45.8, "1987": 48.1, "1988": 49.3, "1989": 50.3, "1990": 53.6, "1991": 58.7, "1992": 61.7, "1993": 63.9, "1994": 64.2, "1995": 64.7, "1996": 64.5, "1997": 63.2, "1998": 61.3, "1999": 59, "2000": 55.6, "2001": 54.9, "2002": 56.6, "2003": 58.7, "2004": 60.1, "2005": 60.8, "2006": 61.5, "2007": 62.1, "2008": 67.1, "2009": 81, "2010": 89, "2011": 93.9, "2012": 98.4, "2013": 99.8, "2014": 101.1, "2015": 100.3, "2016": 104, "2017": 102.5, "2018": 103.8, "2019": 104.4, "2020": 122.3, "2021": 120.9, "2022": 118.4, "2023": 117.7, "2024": 120.4, "2025": 120.7, "2026": 122.6 } }, "fedFunds": { "name": "Federal Funds Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1954, "last": 2026, "points": 73 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED FEDFUNDS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Effective federal funds rate.", "data": { "1954": 1.01, "1955": 1.78, "1956": 2.73, "1957": 3.1, "1958": 1.57, "1959": 3.31, "1960": 3.22, "1961": 1.96, "1962": 2.71, "1963": 3.18, "1964": 3.5, "1965": 4.07, "1966": 5.11, "1967": 4.22, "1968": 5.66, "1969": 8.2, "1970": 7.18, "1971": 4.66, "1972": 4.43, "1973": 8.73, "1974": 10.5, "1975": 5.82, "1976": 5.04, "1977": 5.54, "1978": 7.93, "1979": 11.19, "1980": 13.36, "1981": 16.38, "1982": 12.26, "1983": 9.09, "1984": 10.22, "1985": 8.1, "1986": 6.81, "1987": 6.66, "1988": 7.57, "1989": 9.22, "1990": 8.1, "1991": 5.69, "1992": 3.52, "1993": 3.02, "1994": 4.2, "1995": 5.84, "1996": 5.3, "1997": 5.46, "1998": 5.35, "1999": 4.97, "2000": 6.24, "2001": 3.89, "2002": 1.67, "2003": 1.13, "2004": 1.35, "2005": 3.21, "2006": 4.96, "2007": 5.02, "2008": 1.93, "2009": 0.16, "2010": 0.17, "2011": 0.1, "2012": 0.14, "2013": 0.11, "2014": 0.09, "2015": 0.13, "2016": 0.4, "2017": 1, "2018": 1.83, "2019": 2.16, "2020": 0.38, "2021": 0.08, "2022": 1.68, "2023": 5.02, "2024": 5.14, "2025": 4.21, "2026": 3.64 } }, "mortgage": { "name": "30-Year Mortgage Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2026, "points": 56 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "FRED MORTGAGE30US", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MORTGAGE30US", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey.", "data": { "1971": 7.54, "1972": 7.38, "1973": 8.04, "1974": 9.19, "1975": 9.05, "1976": 8.87, "1977": 8.85, "1978": 9.64, "1979": 11.2, "1980": 13.74, "1981": 16.64, "1982": 16.04, "1983": 13.24, "1984": 13.88, "1985": 12.43, "1986": 10.19, "1987": 10.21, "1988": 10.34, "1989": 10.32, "1990": 10.13, "1991": 9.25, "1992": 8.39, "1993": 7.31, "1994": 8.38, "1995": 7.93, "1996": 7.81, "1997": 7.6, "1998": 6.94, "1999": 7.44, "2000": 8.05, "2001": 6.97, "2002": 6.54, "2003": 5.83, "2004": 5.84, "2005": 5.87, "2006": 6.41, "2007": 6.34, "2008": 6.03, "2009": 5.04, "2010": 4.69, "2011": 4.45, "2012": 3.66, "2013": 3.98, "2014": 4.17, "2015": 3.85, "2016": 3.65, "2017": 3.99, "2018": 4.54, "2019": 3.94, "2020": 3.11, "2021": 2.96, "2022": 5.34, "2023": 6.81, "2024": 6.72, "2025": 6.6, "2026": 6.35 } }, "stocks": { "name": "Stock Market (NASDAQ)", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "index, annual average of daily closes", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2026, "points": 56 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "FRED NASDAQCOM", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NASDAQCOM", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "NASDAQ Composite, annual average of daily closing values, nominal and not dividend-adjusted.", "data": { "1971": 107, "1972": 129, "1973": 110, "1974": 76, "1975": 77, "1976": 90, "1977": 99, "1978": 118, "1979": 137, "1980": 169, "1981": 203, "1982": 189, "1983": 285, "1984": 249, "1985": 290, "1986": 367, "1987": 403, "1988": 374, "1989": 438, "1990": 409, "1991": 492, "1992": 599, "1993": 715, "1994": 752, "1995": 925, "1996": 1165, "1997": 1469, "1998": 1795, "1999": 2728, "2000": 3784, "2001": 2035, "2002": 1540, "2003": 1647, "2004": 1986, "2005": 2099, "2006": 2263, "2007": 2578, "2008": 2162, "2009": 1845, "2010": 2350, "2011": 2677, "2012": 2966, "2013": 3541, "2014": 4375, "2015": 4946, "2016": 4988, "2017": 6235, "2018": 7426, "2019": 7940, "2020": 10202, "2021": 14372, "2022": 12231, "2023": 12970, "2024": 17247, "2025": 20502, "2026": 24503 } }, "homePrice": { "name": "Median Home Sale Price", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "dollars, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1963, "last": 2026, "points": 64 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "FRED MSPUS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MSPUS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census/HUD median sales price of houses sold, nominal.", "data": { "1963": 18050, "1964": 18925, "1965": 20125, "1966": 21500, "1967": 22750, "1968": 24800, "1969": 25600, "1970": 23475, "1971": 25225, "1972": 27525, "1973": 32600, "1974": 36050, "1975": 39275, "1976": 44225, "1977": 48900, "1978": 55850, "1979": 62750, "1980": 64750, "1981": 68950, "1982": 69225, "1983": 75375, "1984": 79950, "1985": 84275, "1986": 92025, "1987": 104700, "1988": 112225, "1989": 120425, "1990": 122300, "1991": 119975, "1992": 121375, "1993": 126500, "1994": 130425, "1995": 133475, "1996": 140250, "1997": 145000, "1998": 151925, "1999": 160125, "2000": 167550, "2001": 173100, "2002": 186025, "2003": 192125, "2004": 218150, "2005": 236550, "2006": 243750, "2007": 244950, "2008": 229550, "2009": 215650, "2010": 222700, "2011": 224900, "2012": 244400, "2013": 266225, "2014": 285775, "2015": 294150, "2016": 305125, "2017": 322425, "2018": 325275, "2019": 320250, "2020": 328150, "2021": 383000, "2022": 432950, "2023": 426525, "2024": 418975, "2025": 415400, "2026": 409600 } }, "rent": { "name": "Rent", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "CPI index, 1982-84 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2026, "points": 97 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CUUR0000SEHA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUUR0000SEHA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS CPI-U rent of primary residence, not seasonally adjusted. Shown as the published index; the row's change is the cumulative rise over the window.", "data": { "1930": 31, "1931": 29.1, "1932": 25.7, "1933": 22.3, "1934": 21.3, "1935": 21.4, "1936": 21.9, "1937": 23, "1938": 23.7, "1939": 23.7, "1940": 23.8, "1941": 24.2, "1942": 24.7, "1943": 24.7, "1944": 24.7, "1945": 24.8, "1946": 25, "1947": 25.8, "1948": 27.5, "1949": 28.7, "1950": 29.8, "1951": 30.9, "1952": 32.2, "1953": 33.9, "1954": 35.1, "1955": 35.6, "1956": 36.3, "1957": 37, "1958": 37.6, "1959": 38.2, "1960": 38.7, "1961": 39.2, "1962": 39.7, "1963": 40.1, "1964": 40.5, "1965": 40.9, "1966": 41.5, "1967": 42.2, "1968": 43.3, "1969": 44.6, "1970": 46.5, "1971": 48.6, "1972": 50.3, "1973": 52.5, "1974": 55.1, "1975": 58, "1976": 61.1, "1977": 64.8, "1978": 69.3, "1979": 74.3, "1980": 80.9, "1981": 87.9, "1982": 94.6, "1983": 100.1, "1984": 105.3, "1985": 111.8, "1986": 118.3, "1987": 123.1, "1988": 127.8, "1989": 132.8, "1990": 138.4, "1991": 143.3, "1992": 146.9, "1993": 150.3, "1994": 154, "1995": 157.8, "1996": 162, "1997": 166.7, "1998": 172.1, "1999": 177.5, "2000": 183.9, "2001": 192.1, "2002": 199.7, "2003": 205.5, "2004": 211, "2005": 217.3, "2006": 225.1, "2007": 234.7, "2008": 243.3, "2009": 248.8, "2010": 249.4, "2011": 253.6, "2012": 260.4, "2013": 267.7, "2014": 276.2, "2015": 286, "2016": 296.8, "2017": 308.1, "2018": 319.3, "2019": 331.1, "2020": 341.5, "2021": 349.1, "2022": 370.2, "2023": 399.6, "2024": 420.1, "2025": 434.9, "2026": 444.7 } }, "homeownership": { "name": "Homeownership Rate", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "percent of households, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1965, "last": 2026, "points": 62 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "FRED RHORUSQ156N", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RHORUSQ156N", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census Housing Vacancies and Homeownership survey.", "data": { "1965": 63, "1966": 63.5, "1967": 63.6, "1968": 63.8, "1969": 64.3, "1970": 64.2, "1971": 64.3, "1972": 64.4, "1973": 64.5, "1974": 64.7, "1975": 64.6, "1976": 64.7, "1977": 64.8, "1978": 64.9, "1979": 65.2, "1980": 65.6, "1981": 65.4, "1982": 64.8, "1983": 64.7, "1984": 64.5, "1985": 63.9, "1986": 63.8, "1987": 64, "1988": 63.8, "1989": 63.9, "1990": 63.9, "1991": 64, "1992": 64.2, "1993": 64.5, "1994": 64, "1995": 64.8, "1996": 65.4, "1997": 65.7, "1998": 66.3, "1999": 66.8, "2000": 67.4, "2001": 67.8, "2002": 67.9, "2003": 68.3, "2004": 69, "2005": 68.9, "2006": 68.8, "2007": 68.2, "2008": 67.8, "2009": 67.4, "2010": 66.8, "2011": 66.2, "2012": 65.5, "2013": 65.1, "2014": 64.5, "2015": 63.7, "2016": 63.4, "2017": 63.9, "2018": 64.4, "2019": 64.6, "2020": 66.6, "2021": 65.5, "2022": 65.8, "2023": 65.9, "2024": 65.6, "2025": 65.3, "2026": 65.2 } }, "housingStarts": { "name": "Housing Starts", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "units per year", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2026, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED HOUST", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census new privately-owned housing units started, annual average of monthly seasonally-adjusted annual rates. FRED serves thousands; converted to units.", "data": { "1959": 1535300, "1960": 1256000, "1961": 1311500, "1962": 1458600, "1963": 1588300, "1964": 1540400, "1965": 1469300, "1966": 1166500, "1967": 1284800, "1968": 1503600, "1969": 1486700, "1970": 1434800, "1971": 2035600, "1972": 2360800, "1973": 2043900, "1974": 1331900, "1975": 1159800, "1976": 1535000, "1977": 1961800, "1978": 2000600, "1979": 1717300, "1980": 1300300, "1981": 1096300, "1982": 1057300, "1983": 1705400, "1984": 1766300, "1985": 1741400, "1986": 1811900, "1987": 1630500, "1988": 1487800, "1989": 1382100, "1990": 1203200, "1991": 1008800, "1992": 1201400, "1993": 1291600, "1994": 1446000, "1995": 1361000, "1996": 1468700, "1997": 1474600, "1998": 1621200, "1999": 1647300, "2000": 1573300, "2001": 1601200, "2002": 1710300, "2003": 1853800, "2004": 1949500, "2005": 2072900, "2006": 1811900, "2007": 1341800, "2008": 900000, "2009": 554000, "2010": 585500, "2011": 611900, "2012": 783800, "2013": 928200, "2014": 1000300, "2015": 1106800, "2016": 1177100, "2017": 1204700, "2018": 1246800, "2019": 1291500, "2020": 1394300, "2021": 1603300, "2022": 1550300, "2023": 1420900, "2024": 1370000, "2025": 1355800, "2026": 1357600 } }, "gas": { "name": "Regular Gasoline Price", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "dollars per gallon, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "FRED GASREGW", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GASREGW", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "EIA weekly US regular retail price, nominal.", "data": { "1990": 1.3, "1991": 1.1, "1992": 1.09, "1993": 1.07, "1994": 1.07, "1995": 1.11, "1996": 1.2, "1997": 1.2, "1998": 1.03, "1999": 1.14, "2000": 1.48, "2001": 1.42, "2002": 1.34, "2003": 1.56, "2004": 1.85, "2005": 2.27, "2006": 2.57, "2007": 2.8, "2008": 3.25, "2009": 2.35, "2010": 2.78, "2011": 3.52, "2012": 3.62, "2013": 3.5, "2014": 3.36, "2015": 2.43, "2016": 2.14, "2017": 2.41, "2018": 2.72, "2019": 2.6, "2020": 2.17, "2021": 3.01, "2022": 3.95, "2023": 3.52, "2024": 3.3, "2025": 3.1, "2026": 3.74 } }, "electricity": { "name": "Electricity Price", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "dollars per kilowatt-hour", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2026, "points": 49 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED APU000072610", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/APU000072610", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS average consumer price, US city average, nominal.", "data": { "1978": 0.046, "1979": 0.05, "1980": 0.06, "1981": 0.069, "1982": 0.076, "1983": 0.078, "1984": 0.082, "1985": 0.081, "1986": 0.077, "1987": 0.079, "1988": 0.08, "1989": 0.082, "1990": 0.084, "1991": 0.087, "1992": 0.088, "1993": 0.092, "1994": 0.092, "1995": 0.094, "1996": 0.094, "1997": 0.094, "1998": 0.087, "1999": 0.086, "2000": 0.087, "2001": 0.092, "2002": 0.091, "2003": 0.093, "2004": 0.094, "2005": 0.1, "2006": 0.112, "2007": 0.117, "2008": 0.123, "2009": 0.127, "2010": 0.128, "2011": 0.13, "2012": 0.13, "2013": 0.132, "2014": 0.137, "2015": 0.138, "2016": 0.135, "2017": 0.138, "2018": 0.136, "2019": 0.136, "2020": 0.135, "2021": 0.141, "2022": 0.159, "2023": 0.168, "2024": 0.176, "2025": 0.185, "2026": 0.194 } }, "gini": { "name": "Income Inequality (Gini)", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "Gini index, 0-100", "coverage": { "first": 1963, "last": 2024, "points": 62 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED SIPOVGINIUSA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SIPOVGINIUSA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "World Bank Gini index for the United States, built on Census income data. Higher means more unequal.", "data": { "1963": 36.7, "1964": 37.4, "1965": 36.8, "1966": 37.1, "1967": 36.9, "1968": 36.3, "1969": 36, "1970": 36.6, "1971": 36.9, "1972": 36.7, "1973": 36.1, "1974": 35.5, "1975": 35.7, "1976": 35.6, "1977": 35.5, "1978": 34.8, "1979": 34.8, "1980": 34.7, "1981": 35.5, "1982": 36.7, "1983": 37.3, "1984": 37.3, "1985": 37.6, "1986": 37.6, "1987": 37.2, "1988": 37.7, "1989": 38.2, "1990": 38.3, "1991": 38, "1992": 38.4, "1993": 40.4, "1994": 40, "1995": 39.9, "1996": 40.3, "1997": 40.5, "1998": 40, "1999": 40, "2000": 40.1, "2001": 40.6, "2002": 40.4, "2003": 40.8, "2004": 40.5, "2005": 41.3, "2006": 41.7, "2007": 41.1, "2008": 41.1, "2009": 40.9, "2010": 40.2, "2011": 41.2, "2012": 41.2, "2013": 40.9, "2014": 41.7, "2015": 41.5, "2016": 41.3, "2017": 41.4, "2018": 41.8, "2019": 41.9, "2020": 40, "2021": 39.7, "2022": 41.7, "2023": 41.8, "2024": 41.8 } }, "topWealth": { "name": "Top 1% Wealth Share", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of household net worth", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2026, "points": 38 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-01", "source": "FRED WFRBST01134", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WFRBST01134", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed Distributional Financial Accounts, share of total household net worth held by the top 1 percent, annual average of quarters. Published from 1989.", "data": { "1989": 22.9, "1990": 22.7, "1991": 23.2, "1992": 23.3, "1993": 24.4, "1994": 25.5, "1995": 26.9, "1996": 27.2, "1997": 27.3, "1998": 27.6, "1999": 27.6, "2000": 27.4, "2001": 26, "2002": 25.4, "2003": 25.4, "2004": 26.8, "2005": 27.2, "2006": 28, "2007": 28.8, "2008": 28.2, "2009": 27.8, "2010": 28.4, "2011": 29, "2012": 29.5, "2013": 29.7, "2014": 30.4, "2015": 30.6, "2016": 30.7, "2017": 30.7, "2018": 30.5, "2019": 30.5, "2020": 29.9, "2021": 30.8, "2022": 29.8, "2023": 30.1, "2024": 30.8, "2025": 31.4, "2026": 31.6 } }, "poverty": { "name": "Poverty Rate", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of people, all ages", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2024, "points": 32 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED PPAAUS00000A156NCEN", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PPAAUS00000A156NCEN", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census SAIPE estimated percent of people of all ages in poverty. Published from 1989.", "data": { "1989": 12.8, "1993": 15.1, "1995": 13.8, "1996": 13.7, "1997": 13.3, "1998": 12.7, "1999": 11.9, "2000": 11.3, "2001": 11.7, "2002": 12.1, "2003": 12.5, "2004": 12.7, "2005": 13.3, "2006": 13.3, "2007": 13, "2008": 13.2, "2009": 14.3, "2010": 15.3, "2011": 15.9, "2012": 15.9, "2013": 15.8, "2014": 15.5, "2015": 14.7, "2016": 14, "2017": 13.4, "2018": 13.1, "2019": 12.3, "2020": 11.9, "2021": 12.8, "2022": 12.6, "2023": 12.5, "2024": 12.1 } }, "childPoverty": { "name": "Child Poverty Rate", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of people under 18 below the official poverty line", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2024, "points": 66 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, CPS ASEC Historical Poverty Table 3", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-people.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/tables/time-series/historical-poverty-people/hstpov3.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Official poverty measure, all people under 18, all races (Table 3, column 'Percent in poverty'). Census footnotes the 2013 redesigned income questions, 2017 processing change, and 1987/1992 weighting changes; where a year appears twice the row on the newer basis is used.", "data": { "1959": 27.3, "1960": 26.9, "1961": 25.6, "1962": 25, "1963": 23.1, "1964": 23, "1965": 21, "1966": 17.6, "1967": 16.6, "1968": 15.6, "1969": 14, "1970": 15.1, "1971": 15.3, "1972": 15.1, "1973": 14.4, "1974": 15.4, "1975": 17.1, "1976": 16, "1977": 16.2, "1978": 15.9, "1979": 16.4, "1980": 18.3, "1981": 20, "1982": 21.9, "1983": 22.3, "1984": 21.5, "1985": 20.7, "1986": 20.5, "1987": 20.3, "1988": 19.5, "1989": 19.6, "1990": 20.6, "1991": 21.8, "1992": 22.3, "1993": 22.7, "1994": 21.8, "1995": 20.8, "1996": 20.5, "1997": 19.9, "1998": 18.9, "1999": 17.1, "2000": 16.2, "2001": 16.3, "2002": 16.7, "2003": 17.6, "2004": 17.8, "2005": 17.6, "2006": 17.4, "2007": 18, "2008": 19, "2009": 20.7, "2010": 22, "2011": 21.9, "2012": 21.8, "2013": 21.5, "2014": 21.1, "2015": 19.7, "2016": 18, "2017": 17.4, "2018": 16.2, "2019": 14.4, "2020": 16, "2021": 15.3, "2022": 15, "2023": 15.3, "2024": 14.3 } }, "snapShare": { "name": "On Food Stamps (SNAP)", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of US residents receiving SNAP, fiscal-year average", "coverage": { "first": 1969, "last": 2025, "points": 57 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "USDA Food and Nutrition Service, SNAP Annual Summary; population from BEA via FRED (POPTHM)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-annualsummary-7.xlsx", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Average monthly SNAP (food stamp) participants in each federal fiscal year, divided by the calendar-year average resident population. Both numbers are published; the ratio is the only arithmetic. Participation rises in recessions and with eligibility expansions (2009 ARRA; pandemic emergency allotments 2020–2023).", "data": { "1969": 1.4, "1970": 2.1, "1971": 4.5, "1972": 5.3, "1973": 5.7, "1974": 6, "1975": 7.9, "1976": 8.5, "1977": 7.8, "1978": 7.2, "1979": 7.8, "1980": 9.3, "1981": 9.8, "1982": 9.4, "1983": 9.2, "1984": 8.8, "1985": 8.3, "1986": 8.1, "1987": 7.9, "1988": 7.6, "1989": 7.6, "1990": 8, "1991": 8.9, "1992": 9.9, "1993": 10.4, "1994": 10.4, "1995": 10, "1996": 9.5, "1997": 8.4, "1998": 7.2, "1999": 6.5, "2000": 6.1, "2001": 6.1, "2002": 6.6, "2003": 7.3, "2004": 8.1, "2005": 8.7, "2006": 8.9, "2007": 8.7, "2008": 9.3, "2009": 10.9, "2010": 13, "2011": 14.3, "2012": 14.8, "2013": 15, "2014": 14.6, "2015": 14.2, "2016": 13.6, "2017": 12.9, "2018": 12.4, "2019": 10.8, "2020": 12, "2021": 12.5, "2022": 12.3, "2023": 12.5, "2024": 12.3, "2025": 12.4 } }, "foodInsecurity": { "name": "Food Insecurity", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of households food insecure at some time during the year", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2024, "points": 24 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "USDA Economic Research Service, Household Food Security in the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-u-s/key-statistics-graphics", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/6990/trends.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Households with low or very low food security, from the December CPS Food Security Supplement. ERS's comparable series starts in 2001 (1995–2000 used a different screening procedure). ERS announced the cancellation of the 2025 report; the series may end at 2024.", "data": { "2001": 10.7, "2002": 11.1, "2003": 11.2, "2004": 11.9, "2005": 11, "2006": 10.9, "2007": 11.1, "2008": 14.6, "2009": 14.7, "2010": 14.5, "2011": 14.9, "2012": 14.5, "2013": 14.3, "2014": 14, "2015": 12.7, "2016": 12.3, "2017": 11.8, "2018": 11.1, "2019": 10.5, "2020": 10.5, "2021": 10.2, "2022": 12.8, "2023": 13.5, "2024": 13.7 } }, "attainment": { "name": "College Attainment", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults 25 and over", "coverage": { "first": 1940, "last": 2024, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, CPS Historical Table A-2", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/educational-attainment/cps-historical-time-series.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Share of people 25 and over who have completed four or more years of college. The question changed in 1992 from years completed to degree received, so figures before and after that seam are close but not identical in definition.", "data": { "1940": 4.6, "1947": 5.4, "1950": 6.2, "1952": 7, "1957": 7.6, "1959": 8.1, "1962": 8.9, "1964": 9.1, "1965": 9.4, "1966": 9.8, "1967": 10.1, "1968": 10.5, "1969": 10.7, "1970": 11, "1971": 11.4, "1972": 12, "1973": 12.6, "1974": 13.3, "1975": 13.9, "1976": 14.7, "1977": 15.4, "1978": 15.7, "1979": 16.4, "1980": 17, "1981": 17.1, "1982": 17.7, "1983": 18.8, "1984": 19.1, "1985": 19.4, "1986": 19.4, "1987": 19.9, "1988": 20.3, "1989": 21.1, "1990": 21.3, "1991": 21.4, "1992": 21.4, "1993": 21.9, "1994": 22.2, "1995": 23, "1996": 23.6, "1997": 23.9, "1998": 24.4, "1999": 25.2, "2000": 25.6, "2001": 26.2, "2002": 26.7, "2003": 27.2, "2004": 27.7, "2005": 27.7, "2006": 28, "2007": 28.7, "2008": 29.4, "2009": 29.5, "2010": 29.9, "2011": 30.4, "2012": 30.9, "2013": 31.7, "2014": 32, "2015": 32.5, "2016": 33.4, "2017": 34.2, "2018": 35, "2019": 36, "2020": 37.5, "2021": 37.9, "2022": 37.7, "2023": 38.3, "2024": 38.7 } }, "tuition": { "name": "College Tuition", "category": "Education", "unit": "CPI index, 1982-84 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2026, "points": 49 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CUSR0000SEEB", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUSR0000SEEB", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS CPI-U tuition, other school fees and childcare. Shown as the published index; the row's change is the cumulative rise over the window.", "data": { "1978": 59.8, "1979": 64.7, "1980": 71.2, "1981": 79.9, "1982": 90.5, "1983": 99.7, "1984": 109.8, "1985": 119.7, "1986": 129.6, "1987": 140, "1988": 151, "1989": 162.7, "1990": 175.7, "1991": 191.3, "1992": 208.5, "1993": 225.3, "1994": 239.8, "1995": 253.8, "1996": 267.1, "1997": 280.4, "1998": 294.3, "1999": 308.4, "2000": 323.9, "2001": 341, "2002": 362, "2003": 386.6, "2004": 414.3, "2005": 440.8, "2006": 468, "2007": 494.1, "2008": 522.1, "2009": 549, "2010": 573.2, "2011": 597.2, "2012": 621, "2013": 643.7, "2014": 664.8, "2015": 688.8, "2016": 708.1, "2017": 724.7, "2018": 741.3, "2019": 762.8, "2020": 777.7, "2021": 788.7, "2022": 810, "2023": 836.5, "2024": 863.2, "2025": 891.1, "2026": 910.8 } }, "lttReading13": { "name": "Reading Score, Age 13 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend reading scale score, age 13 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2023, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=RED&cohort=2&subscale=RRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1971R1,1975R1,1980R1,1984R1,1988R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2023R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend reading, age 13, from the same 1971-anchored instrument as the age-9 series (same R1→R3 format seam at 2004). The 2023 score (255.7) is back at the 1971 level after a 2012 peak. Age 17 was last assessed in 2012 and is not carried here. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1971": 255.2, "1975": 255.9, "1980": 258.5, "1984": 257.1, "1988": 257.5, "1990": 256.8, "1992": 259.8, "1994": 257.9, "1996": 257.9, "1999": 259.4, "2004": 256.7, "2008": 259.7, "2012": 262.8, "2020": 260.1, "2023": 255.7 } }, "lttReading9": { "name": "Reading Score, Age 9 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend reading scale score, age 9 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2022, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=RED&cohort=1&subscale=RRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1971R1,1975R1,1980R1,1984R1,1988R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2022R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend reading, age 9 — the same instrument design maintained since 1971 expressly to measure trend. Through 1999 the original format (R1 sample); from 2004 the revised format with accommodations (R3), NCES's bridge study linking the two — the one seam. The 2020→2022 drop (219.7→214.6) is the largest on record. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1971": 207.6, "1975": 210, "1980": 215, "1984": 210.9, "1988": 211.8, "1990": 209.2, "1992": 210.5, "1994": 211, "1996": 212.5, "1999": 211.7, "2004": 215.7, "2008": 220.1, "2012": 220.8, "2020": 219.7, "2022": 214.6 } }, "lttMath13": { "name": "Math Score, Age 13 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend mathematics scale score, age 13 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2023, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=MAT&cohort=2&subscale=MRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1978R1,1982R1,1986R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2023R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend mathematics, age 13, from the 1978-anchored instrument (1973 is extrapolated and not API-served; same 2004 format seam). 2023 (270.7) is the lowest since the 1990s after the 285 peak of 2012. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1978": 264.1, "1982": 268.6, "1986": 269, "1990": 270.4, "1992": 273.1, "1994": 274.3, "1996": 274.3, "1999": 275.8, "2004": 278.8, "2008": 281.5, "2012": 285, "2020": 279.7, "2023": 270.7 } }, "lttMath9": { "name": "Math Score, Age 9 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend mathematics scale score, age 9 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2022, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=MAT&cohort=1&subscale=MRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1978R1,1982R1,1986R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2022R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend mathematics, age 9. The API-served series begins 1978 (NCES reports 1973 as an extrapolated point, not served). Same R1→R3 format seam at 2004 as the reading series. The 2020→2022 drop (241.4→233.9) erased two decades of gains. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1978": 218.6, "1982": 219, "1986": 221.7, "1990": 229.6, "1992": 229.6, "1994": 231.1, "1996": 231, "1999": 232, "2004": 239.4, "2008": 242.9, "2012": 244, "2020": 241.4, "2022": 233.9 } }, "naepScience": { "name": "Science Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average science scale score (0–300)", "coverage": { "first": 2009, "last": 2024, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=science&grade=8&subscale=SRPUV&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=2009,2011,2015,2019,2024", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Science, grade 8, average scale score on the 2009 framework (earlier science assessments used a different framework and are not comparable). Scores rose through 2015, held in 2019, and fell back to the 2009 baseline by 2024. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "2009": 150, "2011": 151.7, "2015": 153.9, "2019": 153.8, "2024": 149.9 } }, "naepCivics": { "name": "Civics Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average civics scale score (0–300)", "coverage": { "first": 1998, "last": 2022, "points": 6 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=civics&grade=8&subscale=CIVRP&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1998,2006,2010,2014,2018,2022", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Civics, grade 8, average scale score. Assessed 1998, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022 (an irregular ~4–8-year cadence, drawn as a connected trend the way NCES charts it). The 2026 assessment was administered; results are expected summer 2027. Grades 4 and 12 were also assessed through 2010; grade 8 carries the trend. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1998": 150, "2006": 150, "2010": 151.3, "2014": 153.6, "2018": 152.7, "2022": 150.2 } }, "naepHistory": { "name": "U.S. History Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average U.S. history scale score (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2022, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=history&grade=8&subscale=HRPCM&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1994R2,2001,2006,2010,2014,2018,2022", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP U.S. History, grade 8, average scale score. 1994 is the accommodations-not-permitted sample (NCES footnotes it on the same trend line — the one comparability break). Scores rose to a 2014 peak (267.5) then fell below the 1994 level by 2022. Next assessment 2030 per the NAGB schedule. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1994": 259.3, "2001": 260.2, "2006": 263, "2010": 265.7, "2014": 267.5, "2018": 263, "2022": 258.4 } }, "naepGeography": { "name": "Geography Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average geography scale score (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2018, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=geography&grade=8&subscale=GRPCM&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1994R2,2001,2010,2014,2018", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Geography, grade 8, average scale score. DISCONTINUED: NAGB removed geography from the assessment schedule in July 2019, so 2018 is the final point — the only long-run national measure of American students' geographic knowledge ends there. 1994 is the accommodations-not-permitted sample, footnoted by NCES on the same trend. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1994": 259.7, "2001": 260.2, "2010": 261.2, "2014": 261.5, "2018": 258.4 } }, "appcBranchesWeb": { "name": "Can Name All Three Branches of Government", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults naming all three branches (online panel)", "coverage": { "first": 2022, "last": 2025, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Annenberg Public Policy Center, Constitution Day Civics Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/political-communication/civics-knowledge-survey/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/APPC_Con_Day_Topline_2023_final.pdf", "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/Constitution_Day_Topline_2025.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Would you mind naming any of them, the three branches of government?\" — percent of all respondents naming executive, legislative, and judicial, from APPC's annual Constitution Day survey (SSRS Opinion Panel, self-administered online, fielded each August–September). The survey moved from telephone to this online panel: APPC's own 2022 parallel run measured 72% online against 47% by phone (~25-point mode effect) and says the online years \"will not be presented as part of a historical trend\" with the phone years — so the phone era is a separate line (appcBranchesPhone) and the two are never joined. The 2022 value here is that parallel online reading.", "data": { "2022": 72, "2023": 66, "2024": 65, "2025": 70 } }, "appcBranchesPhone": { "name": "Can Name All Three Branches (phone era)", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults naming all three branches (telephone survey)", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2022, "points": 12 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Annenberg Public Policy Center, Constitution Day Civics Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/political-communication/civics-knowledge-survey/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/Appendix_APPC_Civics_Sept_2022a.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Same question as appcBranchesWeb, asked by telephone (RDD/CATI, ~1,000–1,400 adults) from 2006 through 2022. The series ends in 2022 when APPC moved to its online panel; APPC's 2022 parallel run (47% phone vs 72% online) measured a ~25-point mode effect, which is why the eras are separate series. Not asked 2007–2010 or 2012.", "data": { "2006": 33, "2011": 38, "2013": 38, "2014": 36, "2015": 31, "2016": 26, "2017": 26, "2018": 32, "2019": 39, "2020": 51, "2021": 56, "2022": 47 } }, "wordsum": { "name": "Vocabulary Test Score", "category": "Education", "unit": "mean correct answers on the GSS 10-word vocabulary test", "coverage": { "first": 1974, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "WORDSUM: a ten-item multiple-choice vocabulary test administered in the GSS since 1974 with unchanged words — the longest-running repeated knowledge measure of US adults. Value is the weighted mean number correct (0–10). NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. The 2022/2024 upticks sit on that mode seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1974": 5.94, "1976": 5.99, "1978": 5.95, "1982": 5.96, "1984": 6.03, "1987": 5.89, "1988": 5.8, "1989": 5.73, "1990": 5.99, "1991": 5.92, "1993": 5.84, "1994": 6, "1996": 5.92, "1998": 6.01, "2000": 5.86, "2004": 5.99, "2006": 6.12, "2008": 5.89, "2010": 5.93, "2012": 5.92, "2014": 5.94, "2016": 6.02, "2018": 5.82, "2022": 6.22, "2024": 6.33 } }, "readingTime": { "name": "Time Spent Reading", "category": "Education", "unit": "minutes per day reading for personal interest, all people 15+", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey (series TUU10101AA01006315)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/tus/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/TUU10101AA01006315", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "BLS American Time Use Survey time-diary activity \"reading for personal interest,\" civilians aged 15 and older, all days of the week. Diary coding, not a survey question, so there is no wording drift. 2020 was not published (COVID cut data collection) and is a real one-year hole. BLS publishes hours per day; stored here as minutes (×60, exact). Averaged over everyone — readers and non-readers alike (readers themselves average ~1.7 hours).", "data": { "2003": 21.6, "2004": 22.8, "2005": 22.8, "2006": 21.6, "2007": 21, "2008": 20.4, "2009": 20.4, "2010": 18, "2011": 18, "2012": 19.8, "2013": 19.2, "2014": 19.2, "2015": 19.2, "2016": 17.4, "2017": 16.8, "2018": 15.6, "2019": 16.2, "2021": 16.8, "2022": 15.6, "2023": 15.6, "2024": 16.8, "2025": 16.2 } }, "readingParticipation": { "name": "Read on an Average Day", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of people 15+ who read for personal interest on an average day", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey (series TUU30105AA01006315)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/tus/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/TUU30105AA01006315", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "BLS American Time Use Survey time-diary activity \"reading for personal interest,\" civilians aged 15 and older, all days of the week. Diary coding, not a survey question, so there is no wording drift. 2020 was not published (COVID cut data collection) and is a real one-year hole. The share of the population that read at all on a given day — down from about a quarter in 2003 to about a sixth today.", "data": { "2003": 26.3, "2004": 27.7, "2005": 27, "2006": 26.4, "2007": 24.9, "2008": 23.9, "2009": 24.2, "2010": 21.1, "2011": 20, "2012": 20.7, "2013": 20.5, "2014": 21.3, "2015": 21.1, "2016": 19.5, "2017": 18.7, "2018": 17.5, "2019": 18, "2021": 17.9, "2022": 16.7, "2023": 16.2, "2024": 16.1, "2025": 16.1 } }, "readAnyBook": { "name": "Read Any Book Last Year", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults who read any book not required for work or school, past 12 months", "coverage": { "first": 2002, "last": 2022, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "National Endowment for the Arts, Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (with the Census Bureau)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.arts.gov/impact/research/arts-data-profile-series/adp-36", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/SPPA_Comprehensive_Report_FINAL.pdf", "https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/US_Patterns_of_Arts_ParticipationRevised.pdf", "https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/2012-sppa-feb2015.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Read any book\" excluding books required for work or school, adults 18+, from the SPPA — a Census Bureau CPS supplement fielded roughly every five years. NEA's own comparable trend runs 2002–2022 (the survey exists back to 1982, but NEA does not trend book reading across the older instruments, and the 2012 redesign is bridged by NEA's comparable variables). 2017 is the value implied by NEA's published 4.2-point 2017→2022 decline (48.5 + 4.2 = 52.7), consistent with the 2017 report's printed \"53 percent.\" Next wave ~2027.", "data": { "2002": 56.6, "2008": 54.3, "2012": 54.6, "2017": 52.7, "2022": 48.5 } }, "booksPerYear": { "name": "Books Read per Year", "category": "Education", "unit": "mean books read, all or part of the way through, past year", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2021, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/388541/americans-reading-fewer-books-past.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"How many books did you read, either all or part of the way through, in the past year?\" — interviewers count printed books, e-books, and audiobooks. Gallup's trend, asked seven times between 1990 and 2021 (an irregular cadence, shown honestly). LAST ASKED December 2021: the series is dormant until Gallup re-asks. The 2021 reading (12.6) was the lowest Gallup had measured, driven by fewer heavy readers (27% read 10+ books, down 8 points from 2016).", "data": { "1990": 15.3, "1999": 18.5, "2001": 14.5, "2002": 15.8, "2005": 14.2, "2016": 15.6, "2021": 12.6 } }, "pewReadBook": { "name": "Read a Book Last Year (any format)", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults who read a book, in whole or in part, in any format, past 12 months", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2025, "points": 9 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Pew Research Center", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/04/09/americans-still-opt-for-print-books-over-digital-or-audio-versions-few-are-in-book-clubs/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/04/S_26.04.09_books_topline.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"In the past 12 months, about how many books did you read either all or part of the way through?\" (print, electronic, or audiobooks) — percent reading at least one. 2011–2021 by live telephone; October 2025 on Pew's American Trends Panel (web). Pew charts the mode change with a dashed segment and notes minor wording adjustment in 2025; the level was unchanged across it (75% in 2021, 75% in 2025). 2012 was asked twice (Jan 75, Oct 74); the annual value is their mean — the only arithmetic here.", "data": { "2011": 78, "2012": 74.5, "2014": 76, "2015": 72, "2016": 73, "2018": 74, "2019": 72, "2021": 75, "2025": 75 } }, "lifeExpectancy": { "name": "Life Expectancy at Birth", "category": "Health", "unit": "years at birth, both sexes", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2024, "points": 55 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-12.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "1970-1999 annual from US Life Tables 2021 (NVSR 72-12) Table 19; CDC/NCHS. 2000-2018 from Health, United States 2019 Table 4 (curated revised trend; the Socrata dataset is defective at 2003-2004 and was corrected against Table 4); 2011 from NVSR 63-3; 2019-2024 from Data Briefs 395/456/548. 2024 final = 79.0. Table 19 independently confirms 2000-2003 including the 77.2 correction.", "data": { "1970": 70.8, "1971": 71.1, "1972": 71.2, "1973": 71.4, "1974": 72, "1975": 72.6, "1976": 72.9, "1977": 73.3, "1978": 73.5, "1979": 73.9, "1980": 73.7, "1981": 74.1, "1982": 74.5, "1983": 74.6, "1984": 74.7, "1985": 74.7, "1986": 74.7, "1987": 74.9, "1988": 74.9, "1989": 75.1, "1990": 75.4, "1991": 75.5, "1992": 75.8, "1993": 75.5, "1994": 75.7, "1995": 75.8, "1996": 76.1, "1997": 76.5, "1998": 76.7, "1999": 76.7, "2000": 76.8, "2001": 77, "2002": 77, "2003": 77.2, "2004": 77.6, "2005": 77.6, "2006": 77.8, "2007": 78.1, "2008": 78.2, "2009": 78.5, "2010": 78.7, "2011": 78.7, "2012": 78.8, "2013": 78.8, "2014": 78.9, "2015": 78.7, "2016": 78.7, "2017": 78.6, "2018": 78.7, "2019": 78.8, "2020": 77, "2021": 76.4, "2022": 77.5, "2023": 78.4, "2024": 79 } }, "infantMortality": { "name": "Infant Mortality", "category": "Health", "unit": "infant deaths per 1,000 live births", "coverage": { "first": 1915, "last": 2024, "points": 110 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (via data.cdc.gov)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/epev-k6ss", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/nfuu-hu6j", "https://data.cdc.gov/d/j7ym-uwqy", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Deaths under age one per 1,000 live births, final data. Spliced from three NCHS publications on data.cdc.gov: the historical table (1915–2013), Health, United States infant mortality by maternal characteristics (2014–2016), and the Data Query System series (2017 onward); overlapping years agree. 1915–1932 cover the death-registration states only, not the whole country.", "data": { "1915": 99.9, "1916": 101, "1917": 93.8, "1918": 100.9, "1919": 86.6, "1920": 85.8, "1921": 75.6, "1922": 76.2, "1923": 77.1, "1924": 70.8, "1925": 71.7, "1926": 73.3, "1927": 64.6, "1928": 68.7, "1929": 67.6, "1930": 64.6, "1931": 61.6, "1932": 57.6, "1933": 58.1, "1934": 60.1, "1935": 55.7, "1936": 57.1, "1937": 54.4, "1938": 51, "1939": 48, "1940": 47, "1941": 45.3, "1942": 40.4, "1943": 40.4, "1944": 39.8, "1945": 38.3, "1946": 33.8, "1947": 32.2, "1948": 32, "1949": 31.3, "1950": 29.2, "1951": 28.4, "1952": 28.4, "1953": 27.8, "1954": 26.6, "1955": 26.4, "1956": 26, "1957": 26.3, "1958": 27.1, "1959": 26.4, "1960": 26, "1961": 25.3, "1962": 25.3, "1963": 25.2, "1964": 24.8, "1965": 24.7, "1966": 23.7, "1967": 22.4, "1968": 21.8, "1969": 20.9, "1970": 20, "1971": 19.1, "1972": 18.5, "1973": 17.7, "1974": 16.7, "1975": 16.1, "1976": 15.2, "1977": 14.1, "1978": 13.8, "1979": 13.1, "1980": 12.6, "1981": 11.9, "1982": 11.5, "1983": 11.2, "1984": 10.8, "1985": 10.6, "1986": 10.4, "1987": 10.1, "1988": 10, "1989": 9.8, "1990": 9.2, "1991": 8.9, "1992": 8.5, "1993": 8.4, "1994": 8, "1995": 7.6, "1996": 7.3, "1997": 7.2, "1998": 7.2, "1999": 7.1, "2000": 6.9, "2001": 6.8, "2002": 7, "2003": 6.85, "2004": 6.79, "2005": 6.87, "2006": 6.69, "2007": 6.77, "2008": 6.61, "2009": 6.39, "2010": 6.15, "2011": 6.07, "2012": 5.98, "2013": 5.96, "2014": 5.8, "2015": 5.9, "2016": 5.9, "2017": 5.8, "2018": 5.7, "2019": 5.6, "2020": 5.4, "2021": 5.4, "2022": 5.6, "2023": 5.6, "2024": 5.5 } }, "uninsured": { "name": "Uninsured Rate", "category": "Health", "unit": "percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population without health insurance", "coverage": { "first": 2008, "last": 2024, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Table HIC-4_ACS)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/health-insurance/historical-series/hic.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/health-insurance/time-series/acs/hic04_acs.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "People with no health insurance coverage at the time of the survey, all ages, from the 1-year ACS. The ACS health-insurance question began in 2008; 2020 has no standard estimate (Census released experimental data only for the pandemic year) and is left blank. The CPS series reaches back to 1987 but was redesigned in 2013 and is not spliced in.", "data": { "2008": 14.6, "2009": 15.1, "2010": 15.5, "2011": 15.1, "2012": 14.8, "2013": 14.5, "2014": 11.7, "2015": 9.4, "2016": 8.6, "2017": 8.7, "2018": 8.9, "2019": 9.2, "2021": 8.6, "2022": 8, "2023": 7.9, "2024": 8.2 } }, "rxCostBarrier": { "name": "Couldn't Afford Prescriptions", "category": "Health", "unit": "percent of people who did not get needed prescription drugs in the past 12 months because of cost", "coverage": { "first": 1997, "last": 2019, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS Health, United States (National Health Interview Survey), via Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/p4r5-qsgs", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/dmzy-x2ad", "https://data.cdc.gov/d/gj3i-hsbz", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NHIS, all ages, crude percent, as published in Health, United States. The series ENDS AT 2019: the NHIS questionnaire was redesigned that year and NCHS has not carried this item forward on the new basis. The closest replacement item, asked of adults 18+ since 2019 (\"did not take medication as prescribed to save money\"), runs 2019 9.6%, 2020 8.3%, 2021 6.8%, 2022 6.8%, 2023 7.8%, 2024 7.8%, 2025 7.6% — a different question, shown here in the note rather than spliced onto the chart.", "data": { "1997": 4.8, "1998": 4.2, "1999": 4.4, "2000": 5.1, "2001": 5.6, "2002": 6, "2003": 6.3, "2004": 7.1, "2005": 7.2, "2006": 7, "2007": 7.2, "2008": 8, "2009": 8.4, "2010": 8.3, "2011": 7.7, "2012": 6.8, "2013": 6.4, "2014": 5.6, "2015": 5.2, "2016": 5.1, "2017": 5.1, "2018": 5.3, "2019": 5.6 } }, "healthSpending": { "name": "Health Spending", "category": "Health", "unit": "percent of GDP", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2024, "points": 29 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CMS National Health Expenditure Accounts, via CDC/NCHS Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/s57w-7gbe", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total US national health expenditures as a share of gross domestic product — public and private spending combined.", "data": { "1960": 5, "1970": 6.9, "1980": 8.9, "1990": 12.1, "2000": 13.3, "2001": 14, "2002": 14.9, "2003": 15.4, "2004": 15.5, "2005": 15.5, "2006": 15.7, "2007": 15.9, "2008": 16.3, "2009": 17.2, "2010": 17.2, "2011": 17.2, "2012": 17.1, "2013": 16.9, "2014": 17.1, "2015": 17.4, "2016": 17.7, "2017": 17.7, "2018": 17.6, "2019": 17.7, "2020": 19.7, "2021": 18.4, "2022": 17.6, "2023": 17.7, "2024": 18 } }, "suicide": { "name": "Suicide Rate", "category": "Health", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, age-adjusted", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db433-tables.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS mortality files (ICD-10 U03, X60-X84, Y87.0), age-adjusted to the 2000 standard population. 2000-2001 from Data Brief 433, 2002-2022 from Data Brief 509, 2023 from Data Brief 541; all overlapping years identical across briefs. 2023 latest final. 2024 final (13.7) from Data Brief 548.", "data": { "2000": 10.4, "2001": 10.7, "2002": 10.9, "2003": 10.8, "2004": 11, "2005": 10.9, "2006": 11, "2007": 11.3, "2008": 11.6, "2009": 11.8, "2010": 12.1, "2011": 12.3, "2012": 12.6, "2013": 12.6, "2014": 13, "2015": 13.3, "2016": 13.5, "2017": 14, "2018": 14.2, "2019": 13.9, "2020": 13.5, "2021": 14.1, "2022": 14.2, "2023": 14.1, "2024": 13.7 } }, "suicide15to24": { "name": "Suicide Rate, Ages 15–24", "category": "Health", "unit": "deaths per 100,000 people in the age group (crude)", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2024, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (Health, United States + Data Query System)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/w26f-tf3h", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/9j2v-jamp", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Suicide deaths (ICD-10 U03, X60–X84, Y87.0; ICD-8/9 equivalents before 1999) per 100,000 resident population aged 15-24, crude rate. 1950–2018 from the Health, United States 2019 table (1950/1960/1970 then annual from 1980), 2018 onward from the NCHS Data Query System table built from CDC WONDER; the 2018 overlap agrees. The all-ages, age-adjusted series is a separate row.", "data": { "1950": 4.5, "1960": 5.2, "1970": 8.8, "1980": 12.3, "1981": 12.2, "1982": 12.1, "1983": 11.8, "1984": 12.4, "1985": 12.8, "1986": 12.9, "1987": 12.7, "1988": 12.9, "1989": 13, "1990": 13.2, "1991": 13, "1992": 12.9, "1993": 13.3, "1994": 13.6, "1995": 13, "1996": 11.8, "1997": 11.2, "1998": 10.9, "1999": 10.1, "2000": 10.2, "2001": 9.9, "2002": 9.8, "2003": 9.6, "2004": 10.3, "2005": 9.9, "2006": 9.8, "2007": 9.6, "2008": 9.9, "2009": 10, "2010": 10.5, "2011": 11, "2012": 11.1, "2013": 11.1, "2014": 11.6, "2015": 12.5, "2016": 13.2, "2017": 14.5, "2018": 14.5, "2019": 13.9, "2020": 14.2, "2021": 15.2, "2022": 13.6, "2023": 13.5, "2024": 13.2 } }, "suicide45to64": { "name": "Suicide Rate, Ages 45–64", "category": "Health", "unit": "deaths per 100,000 people in the age group (crude)", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2024, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (Health, United States + Data Query System)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/w26f-tf3h", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/9j2v-jamp", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Suicide deaths (ICD-10 U03, X60–X84, Y87.0; ICD-8/9 equivalents before 1999) per 100,000 resident population aged 45-64, crude rate. 1950–2018 from the Health, United States 2019 table (1950/1960/1970 then annual from 1980), 2018 onward from the NCHS Data Query System table built from CDC WONDER; the 2018 overlap agrees. The all-ages, age-adjusted series is a separate row.", "data": { "1950": 23.5, "1960": 22, "1970": 20.6, "1980": 15.9, "1981": 16.2, "1982": 16.8, "1983": 16.4, "1984": 16.8, "1985": 16.3, "1986": 16.8, "1987": 16.4, "1988": 15.3, "1989": 15.2, "1990": 15.3, "1991": 15.4, "1992": 14.7, "1993": 14.5, "1994": 13.9, "1995": 13.9, "1996": 14.3, "1997": 14, "1998": 13.9, "1999": 13.2, "2000": 13.5, "2001": 14.4, "2002": 14.9, "2003": 15, "2004": 15.4, "2005": 15.3, "2006": 16, "2007": 16.7, "2008": 17.5, "2009": 17.9, "2010": 18.6, "2011": 18.6, "2012": 19.1, "2013": 19, "2014": 19.5, "2015": 19.6, "2016": 19.2, "2017": 19.6, "2018": 20.1, "2019": 19.5, "2020": 17.4, "2021": 17.6, "2022": 19, "2023": 18.8, "2024": 18.7 } }, "overdose": { "name": "Drug Overdose Deaths", "category": "Health", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, age-adjusted", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db428-tables.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS mortality files (ICD-10 X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, Y10-Y14), age-adjusted. 2000-2002 from Data Brief 428, 2003-2023 from Data Brief 522; the 2003-2020 overlap is identical across briefs. 2023 latest final. 2024 final (23.1) from Data Brief 549 — a 26% single-year drop.", "data": { "2000": 6.2, "2001": 6.8, "2002": 8.2, "2003": 8.9, "2004": 9.4, "2005": 10.1, "2006": 11.5, "2007": 11.9, "2008": 11.9, "2009": 11.9, "2010": 12.3, "2011": 13.2, "2012": 13.1, "2013": 13.8, "2014": 14.7, "2015": 16.3, "2016": 19.8, "2017": 21.7, "2018": 20.7, "2019": 21.6, "2020": 28.3, "2021": 32.4, "2022": 32.6, "2023": 31.3, "2024": 23.1 } }, "firearmDeaths": { "name": "Firearm Deaths", "category": "Health", "unit": "firearm-related deaths per 100,000 people (crude), all intents", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2025, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS Health, United States 2017 Table 31; CDC Injury Center firearm mortality (NVSS)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/t6u2-f84c", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus17tables/Table031.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Deaths from firearm injuries of all intents (homicide, suicide, unintentional, legal intervention, undetermined) per 100,000 residents, crude rate, from NVSS death certificates. 1970 and 1980–2016 from Health, United States 2017 Table 31 ('All ages, crude'); 2019 onward from the CDC Injury Center's national firearm-mortality series (also crude). NCHS dropped the table after the 2017 edition and no public machine path carries 2017–2018, so those two years are a gap, shown as a gap. The latest year is provisional until NCHS finalizes it.", "data": { "1970": 13.1, "1980": 14.9, "1981": 14.8, "1982": 14.2, "1983": 13.3, "1984": 13.3, "1985": 13.3, "1986": 13.9, "1987": 13.6, "1988": 13.9, "1989": 14.1, "1990": 14.9, "1991": 15.1, "1992": 14.7, "1993": 15.2, "1994": 14.6, "1995": 13.5, "1996": 12.6, "1997": 11.9, "1998": 11.1, "1999": 10.3, "2000": 10.2, "2001": 10.4, "2002": 10.5, "2003": 10.4, "2004": 10.1, "2005": 10.4, "2006": 10.4, "2007": 10.4, "2008": 10.4, "2009": 10.2, "2010": 10.3, "2011": 10.4, "2012": 10.7, "2013": 10.6, "2014": 10.5, "2015": 11.3, "2016": 12, "2019": 12.1, "2020": 13.6, "2021": 14.7, "2022": 14.5, "2023": 14, "2024": 13.3, "2025": 12.6 } }, "trafficDeaths": { "name": "Traffic Deaths per 100M Miles", "category": "Health", "unit": "motor-vehicle traffic deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled", "coverage": { "first": 1921, "last": 2024, "points": 104 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) / FHWA vehicle miles", "sourceUrl": "https://cdan.dot.gov/tsftables/tsfar.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://cdan.dot.gov/tsftables/Fatalities%20and%20Fatality%20Rates.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Deaths within 30 days of a crash per 100 million vehicle miles. FARS since 1975; earlier years are NHTSA-adjusted historical summaries. The latest year is NHTSA's Annual Report File and can be revised.", "data": { "1921": 24.08, "1922": 21.95, "1923": 21.02, "1924": 17.55, "1925": 16.98, "1926": 15.77, "1927": 15.44, "1928": 15.36, "1929": 14.97, "1930": 15.12, "1931": 14.79, "1932": 13.95, "1933": 14.83, "1934": 15.88, "1935": 15.09, "1936": 14.33, "1937": 14, "1938": 11.46, "1939": 10.83, "1940": 10.89, "1941": 11.43, "1942": 10.07, "1943": 10.92, "1944": 10.89, "1945": 10.71, "1946": 9.35, "1947": 8.41, "1948": 7.73, "1949": 7.13, "1950": 7.24, "1951": 7.19, "1952": 7.03, "1953": 6.65, "1954": 6.03, "1955": 6.06, "1956": 6.05, "1957": 5.71, "1958": 5.32, "1959": 5.17, "1960": 5.06, "1961": 4.92, "1962": 5.08, "1963": 5.18, "1964": 5.39, "1965": 5.3, "1966": 5.5, "1967": 5.26, "1968": 5.19, "1969": 5.04, "1970": 4.74, "1971": 4.46, "1972": 4.33, "1973": 4.12, "1974": 3.53, "1975": 3.35, "1976": 3.25, "1977": 3.26, "1978": 3.26, "1979": 3.34, "1980": 3.35, "1981": 3.17, "1982": 2.76, "1983": 2.58, "1984": 2.57, "1985": 2.47, "1986": 2.51, "1987": 2.41, "1988": 2.32, "1989": 2.17, "1990": 2.08, "1991": 1.91, "1992": 1.75, "1993": 1.75, "1994": 1.73, "1995": 1.73, "1996": 1.69, "1997": 1.65, "1998": 1.58, "1999": 1.55, "2000": 1.53, "2001": 1.51, "2002": 1.51, "2003": 1.48, "2004": 1.44, "2005": 1.46, "2006": 1.42, "2007": 1.36, "2008": 1.26, "2009": 1.15, "2010": 1.11, "2011": 1.1, "2012": 1.14, "2013": 1.1, "2014": 1.08, "2015": 1.15, "2016": 1.19, "2017": 1.17, "2018": 1.14, "2019": 1.11, "2020": 1.34, "2021": 1.38, "2022": 1.34, "2023": 1.26, "2024": 1.19 } }, "smoking": { "name": "Adult Smoking Rate", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of adults, current cigarette smokers (crude)", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC National Health Interview Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/gj3i-hsbz.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "NHIS crude prevalence, adults 18+. 2000-2018 from the annual MMWR smoking-prevalence series; 2019-2024 from the NCHS Data Query System (NHIS Adult Summary Health Statistics). NHIS was redesigned in 2019, so the two legs are not strictly comparable across that boundary.", "data": { "2000": 23.3, "2001": 22.8, "2002": 22.5, "2003": 21.6, "2004": 20.9, "2005": 20.9, "2006": 20.8, "2007": 19.8, "2008": 20.6, "2009": 20.6, "2010": 19.3, "2011": 19, "2012": 18.1, "2013": 17.8, "2014": 16.8, "2015": 15.1, "2016": 15.5, "2017": 14, "2018": 13.7, "2019": 14, "2020": 12.5, "2021": 11.5, "2022": 11.6, "2023": 10.8, "2024": 9.9 } }, "marijuanaPastYear": { "name": "Marijuana Use, Past Year", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of people 12+ who used marijuana in the past year", "coverage": { "first": 2002, "last": 2025, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "SAMHSA, National Survey on Drug Use and Health", "sourceUrl": "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56484/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/2024-nsduh-detailed-tables-072325.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt57152/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, people aged 12 or older. 2002–2019 from the 2019 detailed tables' trend tables; 2021 onward from each year's Table 1.1B. There is NO 2020 value: the 2020 survey was disrupted by the pandemic and SAMHSA says it is not comparable, and the 2021 redesign (web mode, new questions) started a new baseline — SAMHSA advises against comparing 2021+ with earlier years, so the 2020 gap is a seam, not a missing year. Where a later release re-weighted a year (2024 appears in both the 2024 and 2025 tables) the newer release wins.", "data": { "2002": 11, "2003": 10.6, "2004": 10.6, "2005": 10.4, "2006": 10.3, "2007": 10.1, "2008": 10.4, "2009": 11.4, "2010": 11.6, "2011": 11.5, "2012": 12.1, "2013": 12.6, "2014": 13.2, "2015": 13.5, "2016": 13.9, "2017": 15, "2018": 15.9, "2019": 17.5, "2021": 19, "2022": 22, "2023": 21.8, "2024": 22.3, "2025": 21.2 } }, "teenMarijuana": { "name": "Teen Marijuana Use", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of 12th graders using marijuana in the past 30 days", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2024, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Monitoring the Future (University of Michigan), via CDC/NCHS Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/mtgp-t7vw", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://monitoringthefuture.org/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Monitoring the Future's annual national school survey of 12th graders (roughly 12,000–15,000 students), past-30-day prevalence, crude percent, as republished by NCHS in Health, United States. MTF itself began in 1975; the NCHS mirror starts in 1980. The 2020 survey was cut short by COVID (smaller sample); MTF reports no series break.", "data": { "1980": 33.7, "1981": 31.6, "1982": 28.5, "1983": 27, "1984": 25.2, "1985": 25.7, "1986": 23.4, "1987": 21, "1988": 18, "1989": 16.7, "1990": 14, "1991": 13.8, "1992": 11.9, "1993": 15.5, "1994": 19, "1995": 21.2, "1996": 21.9, "1997": 23.7, "1998": 22.8, "1999": 23.1, "2000": 21.6, "2001": 22.4, "2002": 21.5, "2003": 21.2, "2004": 19.9, "2005": 19.8, "2006": 18.3, "2007": 18.8, "2008": 19.4, "2009": 20.6, "2010": 21.4, "2011": 22.6, "2012": 22.9, "2013": 22.7, "2014": 21.2, "2015": 21.3, "2016": 22.5, "2017": 22.9, "2018": 22.2, "2019": 22.3, "2020": 21.1, "2021": 19.5, "2022": 20.2, "2023": 18.4, "2024": 16.2 } }, "alcoholPerCapita": { "name": "Alcohol Consumption per Capita", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person aged 14+, per year", "coverage": { "first": 1850, "last": 2023, "points": 93 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NIAAA Surveillance Report #122, Table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/surveillance-report122.Per-Capita-Consumption.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-reports", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Apparent consumption: beverage sales and tax data converted to gallons of pure ethanol (beer + wine + spirits) divided by the population aged 14 and older (15 and older before 1970). NIAAA's Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System; a new surveillance report each spring with a ~16-month lag.", "data": { "1850": 2.1, "1860": 2.53, "1870": 2.07, "1934": 0.97, "1935": 1.2, "1936": 1.5, "1937": 1.59, "1938": 1.47, "1939": 1.51, "1940": 1.56, "1941": 1.7, "1942": 1.97, "1943": 1.83, "1944": 2.07, "1945": 2.25, "1946": 2.3, "1947": 2.03, "1948": 1.97, "1949": 1.98, "1950": 2.04, "1951": 2.01, "1952": 1.98, "1953": 2.01, "1954": 1.96, "1955": 2, "1956": 2.03, "1957": 1.99, "1958": 1.98, "1959": 2.06, "1960": 2.07, "1961": 2.06, "1962": 2.11, "1963": 2.15, "1964": 2.23, "1965": 2.27, "1966": 2.32, "1967": 2.37, "1968": 2.45, "1969": 2.51, "1970": 2.52, "1971": 2.58, "1972": 2.54, "1973": 2.6, "1974": 2.65, "1975": 2.67, "1976": 2.66, "1977": 2.6, "1978": 2.66, "1979": 2.7, "1980": 2.75, "1981": 2.76, "1982": 2.72, "1983": 2.69, "1984": 2.65, "1985": 2.62, "1986": 2.58, "1987": 2.55, "1988": 2.49, "1989": 2.43, "1990": 2.45, "1991": 2.3, "1992": 2.3, "1993": 2.23, "1994": 2.18, "1995": 2.15, "1996": 2.16, "1997": 2.15, "1998": 2.15, "1999": 2.17, "2000": 2.19, "2001": 2.18, "2002": 2.2, "2003": 2.22, "2004": 2.23, "2005": 2.25, "2006": 2.28, "2007": 2.31, "2008": 2.31, "2009": 2.29, "2010": 2.26, "2011": 2.29, "2012": 2.34, "2013": 2.33, "2014": 2.32, "2015": 2.33, "2016": 2.35, "2017": 2.35, "2018": 2.36, "2019": 2.38, "2020": 2.44, "2021": 2.54, "2022": 2.51, "2023": 2.48 } }, "teenBingeDrinking": { "name": "Teen Binge Drinking", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of 12th graders using — five or more drinks in a row — in the past 30 days", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2024, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Monitoring the Future (University of Michigan), via CDC/NCHS Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/mtgp-t7vw", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://monitoringthefuture.org/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Monitoring the Future's annual national school survey of 12th graders (roughly 12,000–15,000 students), past-30-day prevalence, crude percent, as republished by NCHS in Health, United States. MTF itself began in 1975; the NCHS mirror starts in 1980. The 2020 survey was cut short by COVID (smaller sample); MTF reports no series break.", "data": { "1980": 41.2, "1981": 41.4, "1982": 40.5, "1983": 40.8, "1984": 38.7, "1985": 36.7, "1986": 36.8, "1987": 37.5, "1988": 34.7, "1989": 33, "1990": 32.2, "1991": 29.8, "1992": 27.9, "1993": 27.5, "1994": 28.2, "1995": 29.8, "1996": 30.2, "1997": 31.3, "1998": 31.5, "1999": 30.8, "2000": 30, "2001": 29.7, "2002": 28.6, "2003": 27.9, "2004": 29.2, "2005": 27.1, "2006": 25.4, "2007": 25.9, "2008": 24.6, "2009": 25.2, "2010": 23.2, "2011": 21.6, "2012": 23.7, "2013": 22.1, "2014": 19.4, "2015": 17.2, "2016": 15.5, "2017": 16.6, "2018": 13.8, "2019": 14.4, "2020": 16.8, "2021": 11.8, "2022": 12.6, "2023": 10.2, "2024": 8.8 } }, "violent": { "name": "Violent Crime Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "offenses per 100,000 people", "coverage": { "first": 1976, "last": 2025, "points": 50 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Crime Data Explorer, reported violent crime", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/1995/95sec2.pdf", "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl01.xls", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Reported offenses per 100k. 2021 dip partly reflects the NIBRS reporting transition. 1976-1990 from FBI Crime in the United States 1995 Table 1 (UCR national estimates); 1991-1999 from the CIUS 2010 edition Table 1 (later revisions; overlap with the 1995 edition agrees within 0.3). LINEAGE SEAM at 2000: pre-2000 values are UCR estimated rates, 2000+ are FBI CDE reported rates — the two methodologies differ (UCR-estimated 2000 was 506.5 vs CDE-reported 534.4), so the 1999-2000 step is not a like-for-like change.", "data": { "1976": 467.8, "1977": 475.9, "1978": 497.8, "1979": 548.9, "1980": 596.6, "1981": 594.3, "1982": 571.1, "1983": 537.7, "1984": 539.2, "1985": 556.6, "1986": 617.7, "1987": 609.7, "1988": 637.2, "1989": 663.1, "1990": 731.8, "1991": 758.2, "1992": 757.7, "1993": 747.1, "1994": 713.6, "1995": 684.5, "1996": 636.6, "1997": 611, "1998": 567.6, "1999": 523, "2000": 534.4, "2001": 529.5, "2002": 512.9, "2003": 493.8, "2004": 478.6, "2005": 483, "2006": 486.9, "2007": 477.9, "2008": 463.6, "2009": 436.8, "2010": 408.1, "2011": 390.1, "2012": 390.7, "2013": 378.2, "2014": 373.7, "2015": 384.6, "2016": 399.5, "2017": 397.4, "2018": 384.8, "2019": 381, "2020": 399.3, "2021": 361.2, "2022": 398.2, "2023": 385.7, "2024": 363.6, "2025": 329.1 } }, "property": { "name": "Property Crime Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "offenses per 100,000 people", "coverage": { "first": 1976, "last": 2025, "points": 50 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Crime Data Explorer, reported property crime", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/1995/95sec2.pdf", "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl01.xls", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Reported offenses per 100k. 2021 dip partly reflects the NIBRS reporting transition. Same sourcing and lineage seam as the violent-crime series: 1976-1990 CIUS 1995 Table 1, 1991-1999 CIUS 2010 Table 1 (UCR estimates); 2000+ are CDE reported rates.", "data": { "1976": 4819.5, "1977": 4601.7, "1978": 4642.5, "1979": 5016.6, "1980": 5353.3, "1981": 5263.9, "1982": 5032.5, "1983": 4637.4, "1984": 4492.1, "1985": 4650.5, "1986": 4862.6, "1987": 4940.3, "1988": 5027.1, "1989": 5077.9, "1990": 5088.5, "1991": 5140.2, "1992": 4903.7, "1993": 4740, "1994": 4660.2, "1995": 4590.5, "1996": 4451, "1997": 4316.3, "1998": 4052.5, "1999": 3743.6, "2000": 3751.7, "2001": 3801.5, "2002": 3737.7, "2003": 3704, "2004": 3599.4, "2005": 3518.3, "2006": 3397.1, "2007": 3316.1, "2008": 3252.3, "2009": 3076.7, "2010": 2963.4, "2011": 2925.7, "2012": 2881.3, "2013": 2759.3, "2014": 2591.8, "2015": 2495.3, "2016": 2469.1, "2017": 2372.3, "2018": 2206.8, "2019": 2109.1, "2020": 1955.4, "2021": 1763.9, "2022": 1998.8, "2023": 1951.3, "2024": 1767.8, "2025": 1551.6 } }, "homicide": { "name": "Homicide Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "offenses per 100,000 people", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Crime Data Explorer, reported homicide", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "FBI CDE reported homicide offenses, monthly rates per 100,000 summed to an annual rate. Reported figures, not the retired UCR estimates, so the series starts at 2000 and carries the same 2021 NIBRS-transition caveat as the other crime rows. Partial years are excluded.", "data": { "2000": 5.8, "2001": 5.9, "2002": 5.9, "2003": 5.9, "2004": 5.7, "2005": 5.9, "2006": 5.9, "2007": 5.8, "2008": 5.5, "2009": 5.1, "2010": 4.8, "2011": 4.8, "2012": 4.8, "2013": 4.6, "2014": 4.5, "2015": 5, "2016": 5.4, "2017": 5.3, "2018": 5.2, "2019": 5.3, "2020": 6.8, "2021": 6.9, "2022": 6.9, "2023": 6.1, "2024": 5.2, "2025": 4.3 } }, "aggravatedAssaultRate": { "name": "Aggravated assault", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "reported offenses per 100,000 people covered by reporting agencies", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from FBI Crime Data Explorer monthly participating-agency offense counts, per 100,000 covered population (not the FBI's estimated national rate)", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.usa.gov/crime/fbi/cde/summarized/national/aggravated-assault", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual rate computed here as the sum of twelve monthly reported offense counts divided by the December population covered by reporting agencies, times 100,000; the FBI's own displayed annual rate can differ from this figure. Only complete calendar years are included. Denominator: the population covered by agencies that reported that month, the FBI's own basis for its CDE rates, so this line is not the same construct as the estimated national rates (violent, property, homicide) beside it, which the FBI estimates for the whole population. Agency coverage of the U.S. population ranged 74.1–98.4% across 2000–2024 (74.1–79.1% during the 2021 NIBRS transition). Breaks: 2021 SRS→NIBRS-only transition changed agency participation and estimation. The 2013 federal rape/sexual-assault definition change is not a direct definition change for this non-rape offense. FBI’s 2013 Rape Addendum describes changes to rape, sodomy and sexual assault with an object, not these offense definitions: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum.", "data": { "2000": 343.1, "2001": 334.4, "2002": 321.6, "2003": 307.4, "2004": 299.9, "2005": 300, "2006": 296.7, "2007": 292.2, "2008": 281.1, "2009": 268.2, "2010": 256, "2011": 243.6, "2012": 245.2, "2013": 234.1, "2014": 231.7, "2015": 240.2, "2016": 250.6, "2017": 252, "2018": 248.4, "2019": 250, "2020": 278.8, "2021": 249.7, "2022": 277.9, "2023": 269.8, "2024": 257.5 } }, "robberyRate": { "name": "Robbery", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "reported offenses per 100,000 people covered by reporting agencies", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from FBI Crime Data Explorer monthly participating-agency offense counts, per 100,000 covered population (not the FBI's estimated national rate)", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.usa.gov/crime/fbi/cde/summarized/national/robbery", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual rate computed here as the sum of twelve monthly reported offense counts divided by the December population covered by reporting agencies, times 100,000; the FBI's own displayed annual rate can differ from this figure. Only complete calendar years are included. Denominator: the population covered by agencies that reported that month, the FBI's own basis for its CDE rates, so this line is not the same construct as the estimated national rates (violent, property, homicide) beside it, which the FBI estimates for the whole population. Agency coverage of the U.S. population ranged 74.1–98.4% across 2000–2024 (74.1–79.1% during the 2021 NIBRS transition). Breaks: 2021 SRS→NIBRS-only transition changed agency participation and estimation. The 2013 federal rape/sexual-assault definition change is not a direct definition change for this non-rape offense. FBI’s 2013 Rape Addendum describes changes to rape, sodomy and sexual assault with an object, not these offense definitions: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum.", "data": { "2000": 157.7, "2001": 160.1, "2002": 154.6, "2003": 151.3, "2004": 142.9, "2005": 147.6, "2006": 154.3, "2007": 152.4, "2008": 149.2, "2009": 136.5, "2010": 121.4, "2011": 115.5, "2012": 114.9, "2013": 112, "2014": 102.7, "2015": 103.1, "2016": 104.4, "2017": 99.1, "2018": 87.4, "2019": 83, "2020": 74.3, "2021": 52.2, "2022": 69.6, "2023": 68, "2024": 61.7, "2025": 50.2 } }, "burglaryRate": { "name": "Burglary", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "reported offenses per 100,000 people covered by reporting agencies", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from FBI Crime Data Explorer monthly participating-agency offense counts, per 100,000 covered population (not the FBI's estimated national rate)", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.usa.gov/crime/fbi/cde/summarized/national/burglary", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual rate computed here as the sum of twelve monthly reported offense counts divided by the December population covered by reporting agencies, times 100,000; the FBI's own displayed annual rate can differ from this figure. Only complete calendar years are included. Denominator: the population covered by agencies that reported that month, the FBI's own basis for its CDE rates, so this line is not the same construct as the estimated national rates (violent, property, homicide) beside it, which the FBI estimates for the whole population. Agency coverage of the U.S. population ranged 74.1–98.4% across 2000–2024 (74.1–79.1% during the 2021 NIBRS transition). Breaks: 2021 SRS→NIBRS-only transition changed agency participation and estimation. The 2013 federal rape/sexual-assault definition change is not a direct definition change for this non-rape offense. FBI’s 2013 Rape Addendum describes changes to rape, sodomy and sexual assault with an object, not these offense definitions: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum.", "data": { "2000": 757.6, "2001": 770.3, "2002": 764.7, "2003": 761.9, "2004": 744.1, "2005": 744.1, "2006": 740.6, "2007": 733.3, "2008": 739, "2009": 724.8, "2010": 705.5, "2011": 703.8, "2012": 675.4, "2013": 618.2, "2014": 538.2, "2015": 492.4, "2016": 468.4, "2017": 429.6, "2018": 374.4, "2019": 335.7, "2020": 310.4, "2021": 257.4, "2022": 275.3, "2023": 253, "2024": 232, "2025": 196.1 } }, "motorVehicleTheftRate": { "name": "Motor vehicle theft", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "reported offenses per 100,000 people covered by reporting agencies", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from FBI Crime Data Explorer monthly participating-agency offense counts, per 100,000 covered population (not the FBI's estimated national rate)", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.usa.gov/crime/fbi/cde/summarized/national/motor-vehicle-theft", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual rate computed here as the sum of twelve monthly reported offense counts divided by the December population covered by reporting agencies, times 100,000; the FBI's own displayed annual rate can differ from this figure. Only complete calendar years are included. Denominator: the population covered by agencies that reported that month, the FBI's own basis for its CDE rates, so this line is not the same construct as the estimated national rates (violent, property, homicide) beside it, which the FBI estimates for the whole population. Agency coverage of the U.S. population ranged 74.1–98.4% across 2000–2024 (74.1–79.1% during the 2021 NIBRS transition). Breaks: 2021 SRS→NIBRS-only transition changed agency participation and estimation. The 2013 federal rape/sexual-assault definition change is not a direct definition change for this non-rape offense. FBI’s 2013 Rape Addendum describes changes to rape, sodomy and sexual assault with an object, not these offense definitions: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum.", "data": { "2000": 441.1, "2001": 458.9, "2002": 454.7, "2003": 458, "2004": 439.2, "2005": 436.1, "2006": 410.5, "2007": 373.7, "2008": 321.8, "2009": 264.8, "2010": 242.5, "2011": 232.7, "2012": 233.3, "2013": 226.4, "2014": 217.4, "2015": 224, "2016": 240.2, "2017": 240.3, "2018": 231.3, "2019": 221.9, "2020": 247.8, "2021": 233.9, "2022": 289.9, "2023": 325.2, "2024": 257.9, "2025": 201.1 } }, "ncvsViolentRate": { "name": "Violent victimization (NCVS)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older", "coverage": { "first": 1993, "last": 2024, "points": 31 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv24.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/list?series_filter=Criminal%20Victimization", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Rate of violent victimization (rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault) from the BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, a self-report survey of a nationally representative household sample; does not require the crime to have been reported to police. 2006 NCVS estimates are not comparable to other years (BJS data-collection change); 2016 sample redesign and a 2017 methodology change; 2024 used a split-sample design testing new methods. Self-report survey, not police-reported. Actual source: cv24at01.csv, Appendix table 1 estimates for Figure 1. 2006 is -- and omitted. Breaks: 2006 NCVS estimates are not comparable to other years (BJS data-collection change); 2016 sample redesign and a 2017 methodology change; 2024 used a split-sample design testing new methods. Self-report survey, not police-reported.", "data": { "1993": 79.8, "1994": 80, "1995": 70.7, "1996": 64.7, "1997": 61.1, "1998": 54.1, "1999": 47.2, "2000": 37.5, "2001": 32.6, "2002": 32.1, "2003": 32.1, "2004": 27.8, "2005": 28.4, "2007": 27.2, "2008": 25.3, "2009": 22.3, "2010": 19.3, "2011": 22.6, "2012": 26.1, "2013": 23.2, "2014": 20.1, "2015": 18.6, "2016": 19.7, "2017": 20.6, "2018": 23.2, "2019": 21, "2020": 16.4, "2021": 16.5, "2022": 23.5, "2023": 22.5, "2024": 23.3 } }, "ncvsPropertyRate": { "name": "Property victimization (NCVS)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "victimizations per 1,000 households", "coverage": { "first": 1993, "last": 2024, "points": 31 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv24.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv13.zip", "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv22.zip", "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv23.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Property victimizations per 1,000 households. cv13 Figure 1 supplies 1993–2013; cv22/cv23/cv24 Table 2 supplies 2018–2024, with every overlapping year asserted equal. The two disjoint blocks have no overlap and retain the 2014–2017 gap. Cached cv14–cv21 ZIP paths contain BJS error HTML, not usable tables; this is a cache-recovery gap, not evidence the publisher never released the data. The 2006 value (169) is retained as published in cv13 but is not comparable to other years. Breaks: Disjoint edition blocks 1993–2013 and 2018–2024; 2014–2017 absent. 2006 not comparable; 2016 sample redesign; 2017 methodology change; 2024 split-sample design. Burglary/trespassing terminology changed; total property measure retained.", "data": { "1993": 351.8, "1994": 341.2, "1995": 315.5, "1996": 289.3, "1997": 267.1, "1998": 237.1, "1999": 210.6, "2000": 190.4, "2001": 177.7, "2002": 168.2, "2003": 173.4, "2004": 167.5, "2005": 159.5, "2007": 154.9, "2008": 142.6, "2009": 132.6, "2010": 125.4, "2011": 138.7, "2012": 155.8, "2013": 131.4, "2014": 118.1, "2015": 110.7, "2016": 118.6, "2017": 108.4, "2018": 108.2, "2019": 101.4, "2020": 94.5, "2021": 90.3, "2022": 101.9, "2023": 102.2, "2024": 97.6 } }, "ncvsReportedShare": { "name": "Violent victimizations reported to police (share)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of violent victimizations reported to police", "coverage": { "first": 1993, "last": 2024, "points": 31 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Computed from Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCVS, Criminal Victimization 2024 Appendix table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv24.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/list?series_filter=Criminal%20Victimization", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "What is reported: the share of NCVS violent victimizations that victims say were reported to police, computed from the Criminal Victimization, 2024 bulletin's Figure 1 as (rate reported to police) / (total violent victimization rate) x 100. Computed from BJS's own two published rates in the same table, not independently estimated. 2006 NCVS estimates are not comparable to other years (BJS data-collection change); 2016 sample redesign and a 2017 methodology change; 2024 used a split-sample design testing new methods. Self-report survey, not police-reported. The actual CSV is cv24at01.csv (estimates for Figure 1). Rounded input rates yield 2024=48.1% and 2023=44.9%, differing from the directly published shares 47.9% and 44.7%; this series implements the specified rate ratio. 2006 is omitted because this table publishes --. Breaks: Computed from the two Figure 1 series in Criminal Victimization, 2024 (NCJ 310547); inherits both series' methodology breaks. 2006 NCVS estimates are not comparable to other years (BJS data-collection change); 2016 sample redesign and a 2017 methodology change; 2024 used a split-sample design testing new methods. Self-report survey, not police-reported.", "data": { "1993": 42.4, "1994": 40.5, "1995": 40.9, "1996": 40.3, "1997": 41.9, "1998": 45.5, "1999": 43, "2000": 45.9, "2001": 49.1, "2002": 50.8, "2003": 47.4, "2004": 50.4, "2005": 45.8, "2007": 44.9, "2008": 46.6, "2009": 43.9, "2010": 51.3, "2011": 49.1, "2012": 44.1, "2013": 45.7, "2014": 45.8, "2015": 46.2, "2016": 43.7, "2017": 44.7, "2018": 42.7, "2019": 41, "2020": 40.2, "2021": 45.5, "2022": 41.3, "2023": 44.9, "2024": 48.1 } }, "gallupMoreCrime": { "name": "Perceived national crime trend: more than a year ago", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of adults who say there is more crime in the U.S. than a year ago", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2025, "points": 32 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Crime", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1603/crime.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "What people believe: Gallup poll asking, \"Is there more crime in the U.S. than there was a year ago, or less?\" Value is the percent saying more. Last dated poll in each calendar year; older observations are not all October. What people believe, not measured crime incidence. The cached trend page does not establish a dated mode transition for these specific items. Breaks: none known that is dated: irregular polling years and dates, and survey mode and question-order effects may affect comparisons; Gallup's table does not date its phone-to-web transition.", "data": { "1989": 84, "1990": 84, "1992": 89, "1993": 87, "1996": 71, "1997": 64, "1998": 52, "2000": 47, "2001": 41, "2002": 62, "2003": 60, "2004": 53, "2005": 67, "2006": 68, "2007": 71, "2008": 67, "2009": 74, "2010": 66, "2011": 68, "2013": 64, "2014": 63, "2015": 70, "2016": 70, "2017": 68, "2018": 60, "2019": 64, "2020": 78, "2021": 74, "2022": 78, "2023": 77, "2024": 64, "2025": 49 } }, "gallupAfraidToWalk": { "name": "Afraid to walk alone at night", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of adults who say they would be afraid to walk alone at night within a mile of their home", "coverage": { "first": 1965, "last": 2025, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Crime", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1603/crime.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "What people believe: Gallup poll asking whether the respondent would be afraid to walk alone at night within a mile of their home. Value is percent saying yes. Last dated poll in each calendar year; older observations are not all October. What people believe, not measured crime incidence. The cached trend page does not establish a dated mode transition for these specific items. Breaks: none known that is dated: irregular polling years and dates, and survey mode and question-order effects may affect comparisons; Gallup's table does not date its phone-to-web transition.", "data": { "1965": 34, "1967": 31, "1968": 35, "1972": 42, "1975": 45, "1977": 45, "1979": 42, "1981": 45, "1982": 48, "1983": 45, "1989": 43, "1990": 40, "1992": 44, "1993": 43, "1994": 39, "1996": 39, "1997": 38, "2000": 34, "2001": 30, "2002": 35, "2003": 36, "2004": 32, "2005": 38, "2006": 37, "2007": 37, "2008": 37, "2009": 34, "2010": 37, "2011": 38, "2013": 34, "2014": 37, "2015": 35, "2016": 35, "2017": 30, "2018": 33, "2019": 37, "2020": 29, "2021": 37, "2023": 40, "2024": 35, "2025": 31 } }, "gssFearWalking": { "name": "Afraid to walk alone at night (GSS)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of adults who say they are afraid to walk alone at night in their neighborhood", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Computed from NORC General Social Survey cumulative public microdata, 1972–2024", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "What people believe: GSS variable FEAR, \"Is there any area right around here -- that is, within a mile -- where you would be afraid to walk alone at night?\" Value is the weighted percent answering yes (code 1), weight WTSSPS. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Share is weighted target / weighted valid responses ×100, rounded to one decimal; missing responses excluded. 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously. Breaks: 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously.", "data": { "1973": 39.8, "1974": 44.1, "1976": 42.4, "1977": 43, "1980": 42.2, "1982": 44.8, "1984": 39.4, "1985": 40.4, "1987": 36.9, "1988": 38.1, "1989": 38.7, "1990": 38.6, "1991": 42, "1993": 40.9, "1994": 45, "1996": 41.3, "1998": 38.9, "2000": 37.3, "2002": 31.2, "2004": 31.2, "2006": 34.5, "2008": 32.7, "2010": 32.4, "2012": 33.2, "2014": 30.3, "2016": 30.9, "2018": 32.5, "2021": 36, "2022": 37.7, "2024": 32.8 } }, "gssFavorDeathPenalty": { "name": "Favor the death penalty for murder (GSS)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of adults who say they favor the death penalty for persons convicted of murder", "coverage": { "first": 1974, "last": 2024, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Computed from NORC General Social Survey cumulative public microdata, 1972–2024", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "What people believe: GSS variable CAPPUN, \"Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder?\" Value is the weighted percent answering favor (code 1), weight WTSSPS. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Share is weighted target / weighted valid responses ×100, rounded to one decimal; missing responses excluded. 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously. Breaks: 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously.", "data": { "1974": 65.9, "1975": 64.5, "1976": 69.1, "1977": 72.3, "1978": 71, "1980": 70.4, "1982": 78.3, "1983": 78.1, "1984": 76.3, "1985": 78.7, "1986": 76.5, "1987": 73.5, "1988": 76.9, "1989": 77.9, "1990": 79.4, "1991": 76.6, "1993": 78.2, "1994": 80.2, "1996": 78, "1998": 74.1, "2000": 70.7, "2002": 70.2, "2004": 67.8, "2006": 69.2, "2008": 67.2, "2010": 68, "2012": 66.6, "2014": 65.7, "2016": 61.4, "2018": 64.2, "2021": 56.7, "2022": 61.5, "2024": 62.1 } }, "gssCourtsNotHarsh": { "name": "Courts not harsh enough on criminals (GSS)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of adults who say local courts do not deal harshly enough with criminals", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 34 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Computed from NORC General Social Survey cumulative public microdata, 1972–2024", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "What people believe: GSS variable COURTS, \"In general, do you think the courts in this area deal too harshly or not harshly enough with criminals?\" Value is the weighted percent answering not harshly enough (code 2 in this file's value labels), weight WTSSPS. The .dta file's embedded value labels show 1=too harshly, 2=not harshly enough, 3=about right. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Share is weighted target / weighted valid responses ×100, rounded to one decimal; missing responses excluded. 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously. Breaks: 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously.", "data": { "1972": 73.5, "1973": 80, "1974": 83, "1975": 84.1, "1976": 86.1, "1977": 87.6, "1978": 89.2, "1980": 89.3, "1982": 88.7, "1983": 89.5, "1984": 85.2, "1985": 85.8, "1986": 88.4, "1987": 84.2, "1988": 85.7, "1989": 87.6, "1990": 85.6, "1991": 83.3, "1993": 86.3, "1994": 88.9, "1996": 83.8, "1998": 79.4, "2000": 75.4, "2002": 71.3, "2004": 69.8, "2006": 67.9, "2008": 66.9, "2010": 66, "2012": 62.4, "2014": 62.8, "2016": 61.7, "2018": 61.8, "2022": 60.9, "2024": 59.2 } }, "gssGunInHome": { "name": "Gun in the home (GSS)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of adults who say they have a gun in their home", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Computed from NORC General Social Survey cumulative public microdata, 1972–2024", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Self-reported household fact, not a belief: GSS variable OWNGUN, \"Do you have a gun in your home?\". Value is the weighted percent answering yes (code 1), weight WTSSPS. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Share is weighted target / weighted valid responses ×100, rounded to one decimal; missing responses excluded. 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously. Embedded OWNGUN code 3 is refused, excluded from the denominator; only codes 1/2 are valid. Breaks: 2021 pandemic push-to-web collection; 2022/2024 mixed-mode compared with earlier in-person surveys. Ballot rotation and skipped survey years cause gaps; interpret cross-mode changes cautiously.", "data": { "1973": 48.4, "1974": 46.5, "1976": 49.2, "1977": 52.4, "1980": 50, "1982": 49.9, "1984": 46.7, "1985": 45.4, "1987": 46.6, "1988": 42.4, "1989": 46.8, "1990": 43.9, "1991": 43.2, "1993": 45.6, "1994": 43.1, "1996": 43.4, "1998": 36.9, "2000": 35, "2002": 36.9, "2004": 36.3, "2006": 35, "2008": 35.5, "2010": 32.7, "2012": 35.3, "2014": 33.6, "2016": 31.2, "2018": 35.2, "2021": 34.6, "2022": 35.8, "2024": 38.8 } }, "incarceration": { "name": "Imprisonment Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of US residents in state or federal prison", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2023, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BJS National Prisoner Statistics", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2023-statistical-tables", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2020-statistical-tables", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "State and federal prisoners serving sentences of more than a year, as a percent of US residents of all ages (BJS publishes the rate per 100,000; this is that rate divided by 1,000). Prisons only — local jails, which hold several hundred thousand more people, are counted separately by BJS. History from Prisoners in 2020 (Appendix Table 1), recent years from Prisoners in 2023 (Table 5); the overlapping years agree.", "data": { "1978": 0.131, "1979": 0.133, "1980": 0.138, "1981": 0.153, "1982": 0.17, "1983": 0.179, "1984": 0.187, "1985": 0.201, "1986": 0.216, "1987": 0.23, "1988": 0.246, "1989": 0.274, "1990": 0.295, "1991": 0.311, "1992": 0.33, "1993": 0.36, "1994": 0.389, "1995": 0.411, "1996": 0.427, "1997": 0.444, "1998": 0.463, "1999": 0.476, "2000": 0.47, "2001": 0.47, "2002": 0.477, "2003": 0.483, "2004": 0.487, "2005": 0.492, "2006": 0.501, "2007": 0.506, "2008": 0.506, "2009": 0.504, "2010": 0.5, "2011": 0.492, "2012": 0.48, "2013": 0.479, "2014": 0.472, "2015": 0.459, "2016": 0.45, "2017": 0.442, "2018": 0.431, "2019": 0.419, "2020": 0.357, "2021": 0.35, "2022": 0.355, "2023": 0.36 } }, "jailRate": { "name": "Jail incarceration rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "persons held in local jail per 100,000 U.S. residents", "coverage": { "first": 2012, "last": 2024, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails / Census of Jails", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/ji24st.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/ji23st.zip", "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/ji22st.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Midyear persons held in local jail per 100,000 U.S. residents. 13 annual points, 2012–2024, the rate history BJS publishes in its Jail Inmates tables: the 2024 edition (Table 1, 2014–2024) is taken first, the 2023 edition adds 2013, and the 2022 edition adds 2012=237. On overlapping years the newest edition wins; the 2024 edition revised 2021–2023 down by one point each (192→191, 199→198, 198→197). BJS no longer serves the 2017–2021 edition files. 2019 and 2024 are Census of Jails complete enumerations; 2020–2021 declines reflect pandemic-era population changes. Breaks: 2019 Census of Jails (complete enumeration) replaces the sample-based Annual Survey of Jails for that year only; 2020-2021 COVID-era population decline is a real population shift, not a methodology break.", "data": { "2012": 237, "2013": 231, "2014": 234, "2015": 227, "2016": 229, "2017": 229, "2018": 226, "2019": 224, "2020": 166, "2021": 191, "2022": 198, "2023": 197, "2024": 194 } }, "correctionalSupervisionRate": { "name": "Adults under correctional supervision", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "persons under adult correctional supervision per 100,000 adult U.S. residents", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2023, "points": 21 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cpus23st.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/list?series_filter=Correctional%20Populations%20in%20the%20United%20States", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Total persons supervised by adult correctional systems (probation, parole, prison, or local jail) per 100,000 adult U.S. residents, from Correctional Populations in the United States, 2023 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 310413), Appendix table 1. Rates are rounded by the publisher to the nearest 10. BJS states 2022 and 2023 total-correctional and community-supervision rates are not directly comparable to earlier years because of expanded probation-agency reporting and a January-1 proxy used for the 2022 probation count. Only the current 2003–2023 vintage is shipped. The 2022 edition's 2021=2090 and 2022=2060 disagree with the 2023 edition's 2100 for both, so its 2002 extension is rejected rather than accepting a conflicting stitch. Both supposed 2021 ZIP files are login HTML, not statistical tables. Breaks: 2022-2023: probation reporting methods and coverage changed for some agencies, and the 2022 probation population uses a January 1, 2023 proxy for the December 31, 2022 count; BJS states these two years are not directly comparable to earlier years for total-correctional and community-supervision rates.", "data": { "2003": 3150, "2004": 3170, "2005": 3160, "2006": 3190, "2007": 3210, "2008": 3160, "2009": 3100, "2010": 3000, "2011": 2930, "2012": 2880, "2013": 2830, "2014": 2790, "2015": 2720, "2016": 2640, "2017": 2590, "2018": 2520, "2019": 2480, "2020": 2140, "2021": 2100, "2022": 2100, "2023": 2100 } }, "federalPrisonPopulation": { "name": "Federal prison population", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "persons in Bureau of Prisons custody", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2025, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Bureau of Prisons, Past Population Totals", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/raw_stats/BOP_pastPopulationTotals.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Federal Bureau of Prisons total population at fiscal year end, directly from BOP's own published historical totals file. Breaks: none known.", "data": { "1980": 24640, "1981": 26313, "1982": 30531, "1983": 33216, "1984": 35795, "1985": 40330, "1986": 46055, "1987": 49378, "1988": 50513, "1989": 57762, "1990": 64936, "1991": 71508, "1992": 79678, "1993": 88565, "1994": 95162, "1995": 100958, "1996": 105443, "1997": 112289, "1998": 122316, "1999": 133689, "2000": 145125, "2001": 156572, "2002": 163436, "2003": 172499, "2004": 179895, "2005": 187394, "2006": 192584, "2007": 200020, "2008": 201668, "2009": 208759, "2010": 210227, "2011": 217768, "2012": 218687, "2013": 219298, "2014": 214149, "2015": 205723, "2016": 192170, "2017": 185617, "2018": 181698, "2019": 177214, "2020": 155562, "2021": 155826, "2022": 159090, "2023": 158424, "2024": 158864, "2025": 155270 } }, "federalOffendersSentenced": { "name": "Federal offenders sentenced", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "felony and Class A misdemeanor cases with an individual sentenced", "coverage": { "first": 2002, "last": 2025, "points": 24 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "United States Sentencing Commission, Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook-2025", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2002", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2003", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2004", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2005", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2006", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2007", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2008", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2009", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2010", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2011", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2012", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2013", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2014", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2015", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2016", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2017", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2018", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2019", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2020", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2021", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2022", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2023", "https://www.ussc.gov/research/sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2024", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Number of federal felony and Class A misdemeanor cases in which an individual was sentenced in the fiscal year, read from each year's own Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics overview page (the Commission's own headline count of cases it received documentation on for that fiscal year). Breaks: Booker (2005) changed mandatory guideline practice; 2018 Sourcebook changed variables and presentation. Counts are individual sentencing events documented to USSC, not unique people; annual documentation deadlines may differ.", "data": { "2002": 64366, "2003": 70258, "2004": 70068, "2005": 72462, "2006": 72585, "2007": 72868, "2008": 76478, "2009": 81372, "2010": 83946, "2011": 86201, "2012": 84173, "2013": 80035, "2014": 75836, "2015": 71003, "2016": 67742, "2017": 66873, "2018": 69425, "2019": 76538, "2020": 64565, "2021": 57287, "2022": 64142, "2023": 64124, "2024": 61678, "2025": 66662 } }, "deathRowPopulation": { "name": "Persons under sentence of death", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "persons", "coverage": { "first": 1953, "last": 2023, "points": 71 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment in the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cp23st.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Year-end count of persons under sentence of death in the United States, from Capital Punishment, 2023 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 310309), table cp23stat01. Breaks: none known beyond states individually abolishing or reinstating capital punishment over the period, which is a real substantive change, not a measurement break.", "data": { "1953": 131, "1954": 147, "1955": 125, "1956": 146, "1957": 151, "1958": 147, "1959": 164, "1960": 212, "1961": 257, "1962": 267, "1963": 297, "1964": 315, "1965": 331, "1966": 406, "1967": 435, "1968": 517, "1969": 575, "1970": 631, "1971": 642, "1972": 334, "1973": 134, "1974": 244, "1975": 488, "1976": 420, "1977": 423, "1978": 482, "1979": 593, "1980": 692, "1981": 860, "1982": 1066, "1983": 1209, "1984": 1420, "1985": 1575, "1986": 1800, "1987": 1967, "1988": 2117, "1989": 2243, "1990": 2346, "1991": 2465, "1992": 2580, "1993": 2727, "1994": 2905, "1995": 3064, "1996": 3242, "1997": 3328, "1998": 3465, "1999": 3540, "2000": 3601, "2001": 3577, "2002": 3562, "2003": 3377, "2004": 3320, "2005": 3245, "2006": 3233, "2007": 3215, "2008": 3210, "2009": 3173, "2010": 3139, "2011": 3065, "2012": 3011, "2013": 2983, "2014": 2942, "2015": 2872, "2016": 2797, "2017": 2703, "2018": 2626, "2019": 2563, "2020": 2461, "2021": 2356, "2022": 2265, "2023": 2192 } }, "executions": { "name": "Executions", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "executions", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2023, "points": 94 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment in the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cp23st.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual number of persons executed under civil authority in the United States, from Capital Punishment, 2023 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 310309), table cp23stat04. Excludes 160 military executions from 1930 to 1961. Breaks: none known beyond states individually abolishing or reinstating capital punishment over the period, which is a real substantive change, not a measurement break.", "data": { "1930": 155, "1931": 153, "1932": 140, "1933": 160, "1934": 168, "1935": 199, "1936": 195, "1937": 147, "1938": 190, "1939": 160, "1940": 124, "1941": 123, "1942": 147, "1943": 131, "1944": 120, "1945": 117, "1946": 131, "1947": 153, "1948": 119, "1949": 119, "1950": 82, "1951": 105, "1952": 83, "1953": 62, "1954": 81, "1955": 76, "1956": 65, "1957": 65, "1958": 49, "1959": 49, "1960": 56, "1961": 42, "1962": 47, "1963": 21, "1964": 15, "1965": 7, "1966": 1, "1967": 2, "1968": 0, "1969": 0, "1970": 0, "1971": 0, "1972": 0, "1973": 0, "1974": 0, "1975": 0, "1976": 0, "1977": 1, "1978": 0, "1979": 2, "1980": 0, "1981": 1, "1982": 2, "1983": 5, "1984": 21, "1985": 18, "1986": 18, "1987": 25, "1988": 11, "1989": 16, "1990": 23, "1991": 14, "1992": 31, "1993": 38, "1994": 31, "1995": 56, "1996": 45, "1997": 74, "1998": 68, "1999": 98, "2000": 85, "2001": 66, "2002": 71, "2003": 65, "2004": 59, "2005": 60, "2006": 53, "2007": 42, "2008": 37, "2009": 52, "2010": 46, "2011": 43, "2012": 43, "2013": 39, "2014": 35, "2015": 28, "2016": 20, "2017": 23, "2018": 25, "2019": 22, "2020": 17, "2021": 11, "2022": 18, "2023": 24 } }, "fraudReports": { "name": "Fraud reports", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "reports", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2024, "points": 24 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Sentinel Network Data Book 2024", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/data/csn-data-book-2024-csv.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual report count by type, 2001–2024, from 2024_CSN_Number_of_Reports_by_Type.csv. Not unique victims or a population incidence rate. Multiple report types can apply; category totals need not equal the unduplicated combined count. Breaks: none known that is dated: contributing organizations, public awareness, and classifications change over time. National Do Not Call Registry complaints excluded; reporting volume is not underlying crime incidence.", "data": { "2001": 137306, "2002": 242783, "2003": 331366, "2004": 410298, "2005": 437585, "2006": 423672, "2007": 505563, "2008": 620832, "2009": 708781, "2010": 820072, "2011": 1041517, "2012": 1112693, "2013": 1159115, "2014": 1526365, "2015": 1165393, "2016": 1228865, "2017": 1310003, "2018": 1523295, "2019": 1897238, "2020": 2467103, "2021": 3041971, "2022": 2572424, "2023": 2621649, "2024": 2600678 } }, "identityTheftReports": { "name": "Identity theft reports", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "reports", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2024, "points": 24 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Sentinel Network Data Book 2024", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/data/csn-data-book-2024-csv.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Annual report count by type, 2001–2024, from 2024_CSN_Number_of_Reports_by_Type.csv. Not unique victims or a population incidence rate. Multiple report types can apply; category totals need not equal the unduplicated combined count. Breaks: none known that is dated: contributing organizations, public awareness, and classifications change over time. National Do Not Call Registry complaints excluded; reporting volume is not underlying crime incidence.", "data": { "2001": 86250, "2002": 161977, "2003": 215240, "2004": 246909, "2005": 255687, "2006": 246214, "2007": 259314, "2008": 314587, "2009": 278360, "2010": 251074, "2011": 279191, "2012": 369958, "2013": 290098, "2014": 332545, "2015": 490085, "2016": 398356, "2017": 370915, "2018": 444338, "2019": 649390, "2020": 1388532, "2021": 1434477, "2022": 1107004, "2023": 1036855, "2024": 1135291 } }, "ic3Complaints": { "name": "Internet crime complaints (IC3)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "complaints", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2025, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), Annual Report", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2025_IC3Report.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2011_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2012_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2013_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2014_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2015_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2016_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2017_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2018_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2019_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2020_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2021_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2022_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2023_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2024_IC3Report.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Each 2011–2025 annual report supplies its own national total; 2015 uses the national totals row. No interpolation. Later 2021–2023 chart overlaps are asserted equal, losses at the chart's 0.1-billion precision. Earlier retrospective charts conflict (2001=50,412 in 2011 versus 49,711 in 2025; 2004 differs between 2011/2013; 2012 losses differ in 2012/2013; 2016 losses differ in 2016/2019). The 2010 report file is not a readable PDF, so 2010 is absent. Breaks: Voluntary IC3 reporting and awareness change over time; totals are not population incidence. Older reports call losses adjusted (large claimed losses reviewed); later reports use reported/potential losses, with a 2016-era definition/presentation seam. Nominal dollars, not inflation adjusted. Edition-specific rounding varies.", "data": { "2011": 314246, "2012": 289874, "2013": 262813, "2014": 269422, "2015": 288012, "2016": 298728, "2017": 301580, "2018": 351937, "2019": 467361, "2020": 791790, "2021": 847376, "2022": 800944, "2023": 880418, "2024": 859532, "2025": 1008597 } }, "ic3Losses": { "name": "Internet crime losses (IC3)", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "$ billions reported lost", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2025, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), Annual Report", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2025_IC3Report.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2011_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2012_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2013_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2014_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2015_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2016_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2017_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2018_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2019_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2020_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2021_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2022_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2023_IC3Report.pdf", "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2024_IC3Report.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Crime-And-Justice" ], "note": "Each 2011–2025 annual report supplies its own national total; 2015 uses the national totals row. No interpolation. Later 2021–2023 chart overlaps are asserted equal, losses at the chart's 0.1-billion precision. Earlier retrospective charts conflict (2001=50,412 in 2011 versus 49,711 in 2025; 2004 differs between 2011/2013; 2012 losses differ in 2012/2013; 2016 losses differ in 2016/2019). The 2010 report file is not a readable PDF, so 2010 is absent. 2015 national totals row is $1,070,711,522; the age table differs and is not substituted. 2016/2017/2018 panels publish $1.33/$1.42/$2.71 billion. 2020 summary publishes $4.2 billion and 2022 chart $10.3 billion, more specific than overview lower-bound wording. 2025 headline is $20.877 billion. Breaks: Voluntary IC3 reporting and awareness change over time; totals are not population incidence. Older reports call losses adjusted (large claimed losses reviewed); later reports use reported/potential losses, with a 2016-era definition/presentation seam. Nominal dollars, not inflation adjusted. Edition-specific rounding varies.", "data": { "2011": 0.4853, "2012": 0.52544111, "2013": 0.781841611, "2014": 0.800492073, "2015": 1.070711522, "2016": 1.33, "2017": 1.42, "2018": 2.71, "2019": 3.5, "2020": 4.2, "2021": 6.9, "2022": 10.3, "2023": 12.5, "2024": 16.6, "2025": 20.877 } }, "marriage": { "name": "Marriage Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "marriages per 1,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 54 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage-divorce.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/marriage_rate_2018/marriage_rate_2018.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS national table, per 1,000 total US population. 2023 latest; table titled Provisional; 2013-14 exclude Georgia, 2006 excludes Louisiana. 1970-1999 from NCHS Health E-Stat 'Marriage Rates in the United States, 1900-2018' (Curtin & Sutton 2020); its 2000-2018 overlap matches the NVSS table exactly.", "data": { "1970": 10.6, "1971": 10.6, "1972": 10.9, "1973": 10.8, "1974": 10.5, "1975": 10, "1976": 9.9, "1977": 9.9, "1978": 10.3, "1979": 10.4, "1980": 10.6, "1981": 10.6, "1982": 10.6, "1983": 10.5, "1984": 10.5, "1985": 10.1, "1986": 10, "1987": 9.9, "1988": 9.8, "1989": 9.7, "1990": 9.8, "1991": 9.4, "1992": 9.3, "1993": 9, "1994": 9.1, "1995": 8.9, "1996": 8.8, "1997": 8.9, "1998": 8.4, "1999": 8.6, "2000": 8.2, "2001": 8.2, "2002": 8, "2003": 7.7, "2004": 7.8, "2005": 7.6, "2006": 7.5, "2007": 7.3, "2008": 7.1, "2009": 6.8, "2010": 6.8, "2011": 6.8, "2012": 6.8, "2013": 6.8, "2014": 6.9, "2015": 6.9, "2016": 7, "2017": 6.9, "2018": 6.5, "2019": 6.1, "2020": 5.1, "2021": 6, "2022": 6.2, "2023": 6.1 } }, "divorce": { "name": "Divorce Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "divorces per 1,000 population (reporting states)", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 54 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage-divorce.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/112483/cdc_112483_DS1.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/mvsr/mv41_12.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/mvsr/mv44_12.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/mvsr/mv46_12.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr48/nvs48_19.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS. Rate is per 1,000 population of reporting areas only — California among others excluded most years (2017-2023 exclude CA, HI, IN, MN, NM). 2023 latest. 1970-1990 final rates from NCHS Advance Report of Final Divorce Statistics 1989-90 (MVSR 43-9S Table 1, all states); 1991-1996 NCHS provisional annual rates (MVSR annual summaries; NCHS ceased final divorce statistics in 1996); 1997-1999 rates exclude CA, CO, IN, LA (46 reporting states + DC) — the same reporting-states lineage the 2000+ series continues.", "data": { "1970": 3.5, "1971": 3.7, "1972": 4, "1973": 4.3, "1974": 4.6, "1975": 4.8, "1976": 5, "1977": 5, "1978": 5.1, "1979": 5.3, "1980": 5.2, "1981": 5.3, "1982": 5.1, "1983": 5, "1984": 5, "1985": 5, "1986": 4.9, "1987": 4.8, "1988": 4.8, "1989": 4.7, "1990": 4.7, "1991": 4.7, "1992": 4.7, "1993": 4.6, "1994": 4.6, "1995": 4.4, "1996": 4.3, "1997": 4.3, "1998": 4.2, "1999": 4.1, "2000": 4, "2001": 4, "2002": 3.9, "2003": 3.8, "2004": 3.7, "2005": 3.6, "2006": 3.7, "2007": 3.6, "2008": 3.5, "2009": 3.5, "2010": 3.6, "2011": 3.6, "2012": 3.4, "2013": 3.3, "2014": 3.2, "2015": 3.1, "2016": 3, "2017": 2.9, "2018": 2.9, "2019": 2.7, "2020": 2.3, "2021": 2.5, "2022": 2.4, "2023": 2.4 } }, "medianAgeFirstMarriageMen": { "name": "Median age at first marriage, men", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "years", "coverage": { "first": 1890, "last": 2025, "points": 85 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, historical family and living-arrangement tables", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/marital/ms2.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Decennial observations before 1947 and annual CPS thereafter; same-sex marriages included from 2019. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1890": 26.1, "1900": 25.9, "1910": 25.1, "1920": 24.6, "1930": 24.3, "1940": 24.3, "1947": 23.7, "1948": 23.3, "1949": 22.7, "1950": 22.8, "1951": 22.9, "1952": 23, "1953": 22.8, "1954": 23, "1955": 22.6, "1956": 22.5, "1957": 22.6, "1958": 22.6, "1959": 22.5, "1960": 22.8, "1961": 22.8, "1962": 22.7, "1963": 22.8, "1964": 23.1, "1965": 22.8, "1966": 22.8, "1967": 23.1, "1968": 23.1, "1969": 23.2, "1970": 23.2, "1971": 23.1, "1972": 23.3, "1973": 23.2, "1974": 23.1, "1975": 23.5, "1976": 23.8, "1977": 24, "1978": 24.2, "1979": 24.4, "1980": 24.7, "1981": 24.8, "1982": 25.2, "1983": 25.4, "1984": 25.4, "1985": 25.5, "1986": 25.7, "1987": 25.8, "1988": 25.9, "1989": 26.2, "1990": 26.1, "1991": 26.3, "1992": 26.5, "1993": 26.5, "1994": 26.7, "1995": 26.9, "1996": 27.1, "1997": 26.8, "1998": 26.7, "1999": 26.9, "2000": 26.8, "2001": 26.9, "2002": 26.9, "2003": 27.1, "2004": 27.4, "2005": 27.1, "2006": 27.5, "2007": 27.5, "2008": 27.6, "2009": 28.1, "2010": 28.2, "2011": 28.4, "2012": 28.6, "2013": 29, "2014": 29.3, "2015": 29.2, "2016": 29.5, "2017": 29.5, "2018": 29.8, "2019": 29.8, "2020": 30.5, "2021": 30.3, "2022": 30.1, "2023": 30.2, "2024": 30.2, "2025": 30.8 } }, "medianAgeFirstMarriageWomen": { "name": "Median age at first marriage, women", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "years", "coverage": { "first": 1890, "last": 2025, "points": 85 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, historical family and living-arrangement tables", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/marital/ms2.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Decennial observations before 1947 and annual CPS thereafter; same-sex marriages included from 2019. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1890": 22, "1900": 21.9, "1910": 21.6, "1920": 21.2, "1930": 21.3, "1940": 21.5, "1947": 20.5, "1948": 20.4, "1949": 20.3, "1950": 20.3, "1951": 20.4, "1952": 20.2, "1953": 20.2, "1954": 20.3, "1955": 20.2, "1956": 20.1, "1957": 20.3, "1958": 20.2, "1959": 20.2, "1960": 20.3, "1961": 20.3, "1962": 20.3, "1963": 20.5, "1964": 20.5, "1965": 20.6, "1966": 20.5, "1967": 20.6, "1968": 20.8, "1969": 20.8, "1970": 20.8, "1971": 20.9, "1972": 20.9, "1973": 21, "1974": 21.1, "1975": 21.1, "1976": 21.3, "1977": 21.6, "1978": 21.8, "1979": 22.1, "1980": 22, "1981": 22.3, "1982": 22.5, "1983": 22.8, "1984": 23, "1985": 23.3, "1986": 23.1, "1987": 23.6, "1988": 23.6, "1989": 23.8, "1990": 23.9, "1991": 24.1, "1992": 24.4, "1993": 24.5, "1994": 24.5, "1995": 24.5, "1996": 24.8, "1997": 25, "1998": 25, "1999": 25.1, "2000": 25.1, "2001": 25.1, "2002": 25.3, "2003": 25.3, "2004": 25.3, "2005": 25.3, "2006": 25.5, "2007": 25.6, "2008": 25.9, "2009": 25.9, "2010": 26.1, "2011": 26.4, "2012": 26.6, "2013": 26.6, "2014": 27, "2015": 27.1, "2016": 27.4, "2017": 27.4, "2018": 27.8, "2019": 28, "2020": 28.1, "2021": 28.6, "2022": 28.2, "2023": 28.4, "2024": 28.6, "2025": 28.4 } }, "adultsMarried": { "name": "Married population aged 15 and older", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2025, "points": 38 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the U.S. Census Bureau historical family and living-arrangement tables (counts divided within the same table)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/marital/ms1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from married men plus married women divided by total men plus total women, all races, aged 15 and older. Includes spouse absent and separated. Same-sex married couples included since 2019. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1950": 66.64, "1960": 67.56, "1970": 64.22, "1980": 60.97, "1990": 58.72, "1993": 58.1, "1994": 57.4, "1995": 57.49, "1996": 56.96, "1997": 56.34, "1998": 56.36, "1999": 56.24, "2000": 56.23, "2001": 56.2, "2002": 55.71, "2003": 55.56, "2004": 55.37, "2005": 55.21, "2006": 54.84, "2007": 55.06, "2008": 54.14, "2009": 54.35, "2010": 53.59, "2011": 53.31, "2012": 53.05, "2013": 52.68, "2014": 52.57, "2015": 52.37, "2016": 52.07, "2017": 52.4, "2018": 52.09, "2019": 52.29, "2020": 52.05, "2021": 50.79, "2022": 50.75, "2023": 50.78, "2024": 50.8, "2025": 50.42 } }, "cohabitingCouples": { "name": "Unmarried opposite-sex couples, direct measure", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "thousands of couples", "coverage": { "first": 1996, "last": 2023, "points": 28 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, historical family and living-arrangement tables", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/adults/uc1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Direct relationship measure, 1996–2023. Before 2007 restricted to couples with a householder partner; all opposite-sex unmarried couples included from 2007. Paired with POSSLQ, never joined to it. The publisher file ends in 2023. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); before 2007 restricted to couples with a householder partner.", "data": { "1996": 2858, "1997": 3087, "1998": 3139, "1999": 3380, "2000": 3822, "2001": 4101, "2002": 4193, "2003": 4622, "2004": 4677, "2005": 4875, "2006": 5012, "2007": 6445, "2008": 6799, "2009": 6661, "2010": 7529, "2011": 7595, "2012": 7845, "2013": 8057, "2014": 7913, "2015": 8318, "2016": 8075, "2017": 7752, "2018": 8522, "2019": 8741, "2020": 8808, "2021": 9643, "2022": 9894, "2023": 9481 } }, "cohabitingCouplesPosslq": { "name": "Opposite-sex adults sharing living quarters, POSSLQ", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "thousands of couples", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2006, "points": 32 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, historical family and living-arrangement tables", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/adults/uc1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Indirect Partners of Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters classification; adults need not identify as unmarried partners. Decennial 1960/1970 and annual 1977–2006 observations, including three earlier annual observations present in the source beyond the requested 1980 start. Discontinued in 2007 when CPS measured cohabitation directly. Paired with cohabitingCouples, never joined; the direct measure's householder restriction changed in 2007. Breaks: Discontinued after 2006 when the CPS began measuring cohabitation directly; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original).", "data": { "1960": 439, "1970": 523, "1977": 957, "1978": 1137, "1979": 1346, "1980": 1589, "1981": 1808, "1982": 1863, "1983": 1891, "1984": 1988, "1985": 1983, "1986": 2220, "1987": 2334, "1988": 2588, "1989": 2764, "1990": 2856, "1991": 3039, "1992": 3308, "1993": 3510, "1994": 3661, "1995": 3668, "1996": 3958, "1997": 4130, "1998": 4236, "1999": 4486, "2000": 4736, "2001": 4893, "2002": 4898, "2003": 5054, "2004": 5080, "2005": 5214, "2006": 5368 } }, "fertility": { "name": "Total Fertility Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "births per woman (total fertility rate)", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2024, "points": 55 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, Births: Final Data", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "NCHS TFR (stored per 1,000 women; 2,100 = replacement). 2010-2024 from Births: Final Data for 2024 (NVSR 75-2); 2000-2009 from Births: Final Data for 2015 revised rates; splice verified identical on 2010-2015 overlap. 2024 is final. 1970-1999 from Births: Final Data for 2015 (NVSR 66-1) Table 4, the census-revised TFR series spanning 1970-2015; its 2000 value matches the shipped series exactly, so the splice is a single lineage. Stored here per woman; NCHS publishes the rate per 1,000 women.", "data": { "1970": 2.48, "1971": 2.2665, "1972": 2.01, "1973": 1.879, "1974": 1.835, "1975": 1.774, "1976": 1.738, "1977": 1.7895, "1978": 1.76, "1979": 1.808, "1980": 1.8395, "1981": 1.812, "1982": 1.8275, "1983": 1.799, "1984": 1.8065, "1985": 1.844, "1986": 1.8375, "1987": 1.872, "1988": 1.934, "1989": 2.014, "1990": 2.081, "1991": 2.0625, "1992": 2.046, "1993": 2.0195, "1994": 2.0015, "1995": 1.978, "1996": 1.976, "1997": 1.971, "1998": 1.999, "1999": 2.0075, "2000": 2.056, "2001": 2.0305, "2002": 2.0205, "2003": 2.0475, "2004": 2.0515, "2005": 2.057, "2006": 2.108, "2007": 2.12, "2008": 2.072, "2009": 2.002, "2010": 1.931, "2011": 1.8945, "2012": 1.8805, "2013": 1.8575, "2014": 1.8625, "2015": 1.8435, "2016": 1.8205, "2017": 1.7655, "2018": 1.7295, "2019": 1.706, "2020": 1.6415, "2021": 1.664, "2022": 1.6565, "2023": 1.621, "2024": 1.5995 } }, "births": { "name": "Live births", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "births", "coverage": { "first": 1909, "last": 2024, "points": 116 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, Births and General Fertility Rates: United States, extended by NVSR 75-2 Table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/e6fc-ccez.json?$limit=1000", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "1909–2018 from the primary CDC open-data annual live-birth counts; 2010–2018 overlap confirmed identical against NVSR 75-2 Table 1 (archived copy in data/nchs/), which then extends the series 2019–2024. Historical early-year values are published rounded estimates, not fabricated precision. No provisional monthly estimates are spliced into this final annual series. Breaks: The birth-registration area reached all states in 1933; earlier counts cover a growing registration area and are rounded estimates.", "data": { "1909": 2718000, "1910": 2777000, "1911": 2809000, "1912": 2840000, "1913": 2869000, "1914": 2986000, "1915": 2965000, "1916": 2964000, "1917": 2944000, "1918": 2948000, "1919": 2740000, "1920": 2950000, "1921": 3055000, "1922": 2882000, "1923": 2910000, "1924": 2979000, "1925": 2909000, "1926": 2839000, "1927": 2802000, "1928": 2674000, "1929": 2582000, "1930": 2618000, "1931": 2506000, "1932": 2440000, "1933": 2307000, "1934": 2396000, "1935": 2377000, "1936": 2355000, "1937": 2413000, "1938": 2496000, "1939": 2466000, "1940": 2559000, "1941": 2703000, "1942": 2989000, "1943": 3104000, "1944": 2939000, "1945": 2858000, "1946": 3411000, "1947": 3817000, "1948": 3637000, "1949": 3649000, "1950": 3632000, "1951": 3820000, "1952": 3909000, "1953": 3959000, "1954": 4071000, "1955": 4097000, "1956": 4210000, "1957": 4300000, "1958": 4246000, "1959": 4244796, "1960": 4257850, "1961": 4268326, "1962": 4167362, "1963": 4098020, "1964": 4027490, "1965": 3760358, "1966": 3606274, "1967": 3520959, "1968": 3501564, "1969": 3600206, "1970": 3731386, "1971": 3555970, "1972": 3258411, "1973": 3136965, "1974": 3159958, "1975": 3144198, "1976": 3167788, "1977": 3326632, "1978": 3333279, "1979": 3494398, "1980": 3612258, "1981": 3629238, "1982": 3680537, "1983": 3638933, "1984": 3669141, "1985": 3760561, "1986": 3756547, "1987": 3809394, "1988": 3909510, "1989": 4040958, "1990": 4158212, "1991": 4110907, "1992": 4065014, "1993": 4000240, "1994": 3952767, "1995": 3899589, "1996": 3891494, "1997": 3880894, "1998": 3941553, "1999": 3959417, "2000": 4058814, "2001": 4025933, "2002": 4021726, "2003": 4089950, "2004": 4112052, "2005": 4138349, "2006": 4265555, "2007": 4316233, "2008": 4247694, "2009": 4130665, "2010": 3999386, "2011": 3953590, "2012": 3952841, "2013": 3932181, "2014": 3988076, "2015": 3978497, "2016": 3945875, "2017": 3855500, "2018": 3791712, "2019": 3747540, "2020": 3613647, "2021": 3664292, "2022": 3667758, "2023": 3596017, "2024": 3628934 } }, "meanAgeFirstBirth": { "name": "Mean age of mother at first live birth", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "years", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2024, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics Reports (mean age of mother, by live-birth order)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr51/nvsr51_01.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db232.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-09.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Mean (not median) age at first live birth, all races and origins; the arithmetic average computed directly from the frequency of first births by age of mother. Edition list, newest wins on overlap: NVSR 51-1 Table 1 (1970–2000); NVSR 74-9 Table 1 (2016–2023, identical to the 2024 edition on every overlapping year, so no revision); NVSR 75-2 Table 4 (2010–2024). 2001–2009 could not be recovered: the only archived source covering that span, NCHS Data Brief 232, reports the trend only as a line chart plus three narrative anchor values (2000, 2009, 2014), not a machine-readable annual table; no value was read off the chart or interpolated. The four reports are archived in data/nchs/ with their hashes recorded in READ.md. Breaks: 2001–2009 gap: Data Brief 232 for that window is chart-only, not machine-readable. Reports before 2016 do not carry the same race/Hispanic-origin breakout as 2016 onward.", "data": { "1970": 21.4, "1971": 21.4, "1972": 21.4, "1973": 21.5, "1974": 21.7, "1975": 21.8, "1976": 22, "1977": 22.2, "1978": 22.4, "1979": 22.6, "1980": 22.7, "1981": 22.9, "1982": 23.1, "1983": 23.3, "1984": 23.5, "1985": 23.7, "1986": 23.8, "1987": 24, "1988": 24.1, "1989": 24.2, "1990": 24.2, "1991": 24.2, "1992": 24.4, "1993": 24.4, "1994": 24.4, "1995": 24.5, "1996": 24.6, "1997": 24.7, "1998": 24.7, "1999": 24.8, "2000": 24.9, "2010": 25.4, "2011": 25.6, "2012": 25.8, "2013": 26, "2014": 26.3, "2015": 26.4, "2016": 26.6, "2017": 26.8, "2018": 26.9, "2019": 27, "2020": 27.1, "2021": 27.3, "2022": 27.4, "2023": 27.5, "2024": 27.6 } }, "teenBirthRate": { "name": "Teen Birth Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "births per 1,000 females aged 15–19", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2024, "points": 65 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (Health, United States + Data Query System)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/daba-4vfq", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/e8kx-wbww", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Live births to women aged 15–19 per 1,000 women in that age group. 1960–2018 from the Health, United States table of birth rates by age of mother; 2016 onward from the NCHS Data Query System; the three overlap years agree exactly. The 1991 peak (61.8) and the steady fall since are as published.", "data": { "1960": 89.1, "1961": 88.6, "1962": 81.4, "1963": 76.7, "1964": 73.1, "1965": 70.5, "1966": 70.3, "1967": 67.5, "1968": 65.6, "1969": 65.5, "1970": 68.3, "1971": 64.5, "1972": 61.7, "1973": 59.3, "1974": 57.5, "1975": 55.6, "1976": 52.8, "1977": 52.8, "1978": 51.5, "1979": 52.3, "1980": 53, "1981": 52.2, "1982": 52.4, "1983": 51.4, "1984": 50.6, "1985": 51, "1986": 50.2, "1987": 50.6, "1988": 53, "1989": 57.3, "1990": 59.9, "1991": 61.8, "1992": 60.3, "1993": 59, "1994": 58.2, "1995": 56, "1996": 53.5, "1997": 51.3, "1998": 50.3, "1999": 48.8, "2000": 47.7, "2001": 45, "2002": 42.6, "2003": 41.1, "2004": 40.5, "2005": 39.7, "2006": 41.1, "2007": 41.5, "2008": 40.2, "2009": 40.2, "2010": 34.2, "2011": 31.3, "2012": 29.4, "2013": 26.5, "2014": 24.2, "2015": 22.3, "2016": 20.3, "2017": 18.8, "2018": 17.4, "2019": 16.7, "2020": 15, "2021": 13.9, "2022": 13.6, "2023": 13.1, "2024": 12.6 } }, "unmarriedBirths": { "name": "Births to Unmarried Mothers", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of all US births", "coverage": { "first": 1940, "last": 2015, "points": 67 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/g6qk-ngsf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Births to unmarried women (NCHS, all age groups summed) divided by total US births (NCHS births and general fertility rates). Both numerator and denominator are NCHS-published counts; the ratio is the only arithmetic.", "data": { "1940": 3.5, "1950": 3.9, "1951": 3.8, "1952": 3.8, "1953": 4.1, "1954": 4.3, "1955": 4.5, "1956": 4.6, "1957": 4.7, "1958": 4.9, "1959": 5.2, "1960": 5.3, "1961": 5.6, "1962": 5.9, "1963": 6.3, "1964": 6.8, "1965": 7.8, "1966": 8.4, "1967": 9, "1968": 9.7, "1969": 10, "1970": 10.7, "1971": 11.3, "1972": 12.4, "1973": 13, "1974": 13.2, "1975": 14.2, "1976": 14.8, "1977": 15.5, "1978": 16.3, "1979": 17.1, "1980": 18.4, "1981": 18.9, "1982": 19.4, "1983": 20.3, "1984": 21, "1985": 22, "1986": 23.4, "1987": 24.5, "1988": 25.7, "1989": 27.1, "1990": 28, "1991": 29.5, "1992": 30.1, "1993": 31, "1994": 32.6, "1995": 32.2, "1996": 32.4, "1997": 32.4, "1998": 32.8, "1999": 33, "2000": 33.2, "2001": 33.5, "2002": 34, "2003": 34.6, "2004": 35.8, "2005": 36.9, "2006": 38.5, "2007": 39.7, "2008": 40.6, "2009": 41, "2010": 40.8, "2011": 40.7, "2012": 40.7, "2013": 40.6, "2014": 40.2, "2015": 40.3 } }, "childlessWomen40to44": { "name": "Women aged 40–44 who are childless", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1976, "last": 2024, "points": 28 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, CPS June fertility supplement, Historical Table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/fertility/time-series/his-cps/h1.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Percent childless among women aged 40–44, column K of the PERCENT CHILDLESS panel. Selected survey years 1976–2024, primarily biennial in recent decades; gaps are legitimate, not interpolated. Breaks: 2012 processing changes affected childlessness estimates; 2002 counts corrected in 2014.", "data": { "1976": 10.2, "1980": 10.1, "1981": 9.5, "1982": 11, "1983": 10.1, "1984": 11.1, "1985": 11.4, "1986": 13.2, "1987": 14.2, "1988": 14.7, "1990": 16, "1992": 15.7, "1994": 17.5, "1995": 17.5, "1998": 19, "2000": 19, "2002": 18, "2004": 19.3, "2006": 20.4, "2008": 17.8, "2010": 18.8, "2012": 15.1, "2014": 15.3, "2016": 14.4, "2018": 15, "2020": 16.5, "2022": 17.7, "2024": 18.8 } }, "marriedCoupleHouseholds": { "name": "Married-couple households", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of households", "coverage": { "first": 1940, "last": 2025, "points": 80 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the U.S. Census Bureau historical family and living-arrangement tables (counts divided within the same table)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/households/hh1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from married-couple households divided by all households. Counts use householder person weights, not the Housing Vacancy Survey housing-unit weights. HH-1 lists 1980, 1984, 1988, 1993, 2011 and 2021 twice: a footnote-lettered row (1980r, 1984b, 1988a, 1993r) or 'r'-suffixed row (2011r, 2021r) plus a plain row for the same year. The lettered/r-suffixed row is always the later-method value — HH-1's own footnotes read 'a Data based on 1988 revised processing', 'b Incorporates Hispanic-origin population controls', 'r Revised based on population from the most recent decennial census' — so it is selected deterministically over the plain row (annualRows in lib/census.ts). Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1940": 76.03, "1947": 78.28, "1948": 78.7, "1949": 78.84, "1950": 78.24, "1951": 76.98, "1952": 77.22, "1953": 76.7, "1954": 76.5, "1955": 75.72, "1956": 75.76, "1957": 75.93, "1958": 75.11, "1959": 74.68, "1960": 74.35, "1961": 73.98, "1962": 73.78, "1963": 73.98, "1964": 73.63, "1965": 72.58, "1966": 72.36, "1967": 72.16, "1968": 71.54, "1969": 70.86, "1970": 70.55, "1971": 69.36, "1972": 68.58, "1973": 67.83, "1974": 66.97, "1975": 66.02, "1976": 64.91, "1977": 64.03, "1978": 62.29, "1979": 61.63, "1980": 60.8, "1981": 59.85, "1982": 59.42, "1983": 59.47, "1984": 58.72, "1985": 58.01, "1986": 57.58, "1987": 57.6, "1988": 56.71, "1989": 56.12, "1990": 56.05, "1991": 55.29, "1992": 54.83, "1993": 55.06, "1994": 54.76, "1995": 54.41, "1996": 53.77, "1997": 53.06, "1998": 52.98, "1999": 52.73, "2000": 52.83, "2001": 52.3, "2002": 51.92, "2003": 51.51, "2004": 51.53, "2005": 51.15, "2006": 50.86, "2007": 50.81, "2008": 49.98, "2009": 50.45, "2010": 49.69, "2011": 48.91, "2012": 48.68, "2013": 48.35, "2014": 48.39, "2015": 48.17, "2016": 47.89, "2017": 48.17, "2018": 48, "2019": 48.19, "2020": 48.53, "2021": 47.43, "2022": 46.82, "2023": 47.31, "2024": 47.12, "2025": 46.63 } }, "onePersonHouseholds": { "name": "One-person households", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of households", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2025, "points": 66 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the U.S. Census Bureau historical family and living-arrangement tables (counts divided within the same table)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/households/hh4.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from one-person households divided by all households; uses person-weighted CPS household estimates. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1960": 13.1, "1961": 13.28, "1962": 13.65, "1963": 13.57, "1964": 13.93, "1965": 15.03, "1966": 15.57, "1967": 15.53, "1968": 16.12, "1969": 16.72, "1970": 17.11, "1971": 17.67, "1972": 18.28, "1973": 18.51, "1974": 19.14, "1975": 19.6, "1976": 20.56, "1977": 20.95, "1978": 21.98, "1979": 22.24, "1980": 22.65, "1981": 22.99, "1982": 23.17, "1983": 22.94, "1984": 23.36, "1985": 23.74, "1986": 23.94, "1987": 23.61, "1988": 24.04, "1989": 24.46, "1990": 24.64, "1991": 25.01, "1992": 25.06, "1993": 24.43, "1994": 24.31, "1995": 24.98, "1996": 24.99, "1997": 25.15, "1998": 25.68, "1999": 25.61, "2000": 25.52, "2001": 26.07, "2002": 26.33, "2003": 26.45, "2004": 26.42, "2005": 26.59, "2006": 26.62, "2007": 26.84, "2008": 27.54, "2009": 27.02, "2010": 26.71, "2011": 27.53, "2012": 27.41, "2013": 27.41, "2014": 27.74, "2015": 27.99, "2016": 28.13, "2017": 27.93, "2018": 28.01, "2019": 28.37, "2020": 28.18, "2021": 28.24, "2022": 28.88, "2023": 28.99, "2024": 29.08, "2025": 29.48 } }, "householdSize": { "name": "Average household size", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "people per household", "coverage": { "first": 1940, "last": 2025, "points": 80 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, historical family and living-arrangement tables", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/households/hh6.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Publisher average population per household, all households; not average family size. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1940": 3.67, "1947": 3.56, "1948": 3.49, "1949": 3.42, "1950": 3.37, "1951": 3.34, "1952": 3.32, "1953": 3.28, "1954": 3.34, "1955": 3.33, "1956": 3.32, "1957": 3.33, "1958": 3.34, "1959": 3.34, "1960": 3.33, "1961": 3.36, "1962": 3.31, "1963": 3.33, "1964": 3.33, "1965": 3.31, "1966": 3.3, "1967": 3.28, "1968": 3.23, "1969": 3.19, "1970": 3.14, "1971": 3.11, "1972": 3.06, "1973": 3.01, "1974": 2.97, "1975": 2.94, "1976": 2.89, "1977": 2.86, "1978": 2.81, "1979": 2.78, "1980": 2.76, "1981": 2.73, "1982": 2.72, "1983": 2.73, "1984": 2.71, "1985": 2.69, "1986": 2.67, "1987": 2.66, "1988": 2.64, "1989": 2.62, "1990": 2.63, "1991": 2.63, "1992": 2.62, "1993": 2.66, "1994": 2.67, "1995": 2.65, "1996": 2.65, "1997": 2.64, "1998": 2.62, "1999": 2.61, "2000": 2.62, "2001": 2.58, "2002": 2.58, "2003": 2.57, "2004": 2.57, "2005": 2.57, "2006": 2.57, "2007": 2.56, "2008": 2.56, "2009": 2.57, "2010": 2.59, "2011": 2.56, "2012": 2.55, "2013": 2.54, "2014": 2.54, "2015": 2.54, "2016": 2.53, "2017": 2.54, "2018": 2.53, "2019": 2.52, "2020": 2.53, "2021": 2.54, "2022": 2.5, "2023": 2.51, "2024": 2.51, "2025": 2.5 } }, "childrenWithTwoParents": { "name": "Children living with two parents", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of children under 18", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2025, "points": 59 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the U.S. Census Bureau historical family and living-arrangement tables (counts divided within the same table)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/children/ch1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from two-parent children divided by children under 18 in table scope. Excludes child householders, subfamily reference persons and spouses. In 2007 take 2007y (PELNMOM/PELNDAD, identifying both cohabiting parents), never 2007x (A_PARENT); gender-neutral PEPAR1/PEPAR2 pointers from 2019. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1960": 87.68, "1968": 85.36, "1969": 85.12, "1970": 85.22, "1971": 83.42, "1972": 83.13, "1973": 82.13, "1974": 81.38, "1975": 80.31, "1976": 80, "1977": 79.2, "1978": 77.73, "1979": 77.41, "1980": 76.66, "1981": 76.35, "1982": 74.99, "1983": 74.87, "1984": 74.92, "1985": 73.87, "1986": 73.9, "1987": 73.11, "1988": 72.72, "1989": 73.15, "1990": 72.51, "1991": 71.68, "1992": 70.7, "1993": 70.53, "1994": 69.18, "1995": 68.72, "1996": 68.01, "1997": 68.17, "1998": 68.15, "1999": 68.02, "2000": 69.15, "2001": 69.15, "2002": 68.67, "2003": 68.36, "2004": 67.76, "2005": 67.33, "2006": 67.42, "2007": 70.72, "2008": 69.88, "2009": 69.83, "2010": 69.36, "2011": 68.68, "2012": 68.1, "2013": 68.52, "2014": 68.67, "2015": 69.23, "2016": 68.72, "2017": 68.89, "2018": 69.1, "2019": 70.13, "2020": 70.42, "2021": 69.68, "2022": 70.2, "2023": 71.12, "2024": 71.19, "2025": 70.4 } }, "oneParentFamilies": { "name": "One-parent families with own children under 18", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of families with own children under 18", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2025, "points": 76 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the U.S. Census Bureau historical family and living-arrangement tables (counts divided within the same table)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/families/fm1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from one-parent families divided by all families with own children under 18, not all families. Unrelated subfamilies included before 1980; earlier totals were revised by Census. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1950": 7.38, "1951": 8.88, "1952": 8.18, "1953": 8.28, "1954": 8.42, "1955": 9.17, "1956": 8.9, "1957": 8.74, "1958": 8.62, "1959": 8.68, "1960": 9.08, "1961": 9.17, "1962": 9.45, "1963": 9.62, "1964": 9.71, "1965": 10.07, "1966": 10.1, "1967": 10.58, "1968": 10.97, "1969": 11.33, "1970": 11.35, "1971": 12.84, "1972": 13.46, "1973": 14.15, "1974": 15.03, "1975": 16.26, "1976": 16.79, "1977": 17.48, "1978": 18.91, "1979": 19.28, "1980": 19.54, "1981": 20.17, "1982": 21.11, "1983": 20.95, "1984": 21.6, "1985": 22.18, "1986": 22.23, "1987": 22.73, "1988": 22.93, "1989": 23.47, "1990": 24.01, "1991": 24.7, "1992": 25.43, "1993": 25.71, "1994": 26.34, "1995": 26.4, "1996": 27.14, "1997": 27.64, "1998": 27.3, "1999": 27.58, "2000": 27.04, "2001": 26.51, "2002": 27.76, "2003": 27.95, "2004": 28.24, "2005": 28.42, "2006": 28.75, "2007": 28.84, "2008": 29.51, "2009": 29.48, "2010": 30.22, "2011": 31.23, "2012": 32.25, "2013": 31.91, "2014": 31.53, "2015": 31.27, "2016": 31.63, "2017": 31.03, "2018": 30.88, "2019": 30.07, "2020": 29.42, "2021": 31.19, "2022": 31.18, "2023": 29.34, "2024": 29.8, "2025": 30.51 } }, "youngAdultsWithParents": { "name": "Adults aged 25–34 living with parents", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2025, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the U.S. Census Bureau historical family and living-arrangement tables (counts divided within the same table)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/families/time-series/adults/ad1.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from male plus female children of householders divided by male plus female population aged 25–34, never averaging sex-specific percentages. Unmarried college students in dormitories are counted in their parents' homes in CPS data. Breaks: 2014 ASEC questionnaire redesign; decennial population-control revisions (the publisher's lettered r rows, taken over the original); 2021 appears twice in the tables (the later-method row is taken); 2025 uses Vintage-2025 population controls; 2019 onward includes same-sex married couples.", "data": { "1960": 9.06, "1970": 7.97, "1980": 8.68, "1983": 10.64, "1984": 10.39, "1985": 10.64, "1986": 11.1, "1987": 11.08, "1988": 11.63, "1989": 11.24, "1990": 11.53, "1991": 11.79, "1992": 12, "1993": 12.29, "1994": 12.21, "1995": 11.9, "1996": 12.28, "1997": 11.56, "1998": 11.5, "1999": 11.24, "2000": 10.56, "2001": 10.57, "2002": 10.94, "2003": 10.22, "2004": 10.93, "2005": 10.84, "2006": 11.58, "2007": 11.8, "2008": 12.71, "2009": 12.76, "2010": 13.44, "2011": 13.39, "2012": 13.63, "2013": 13.92, "2014": 14.7, "2015": 15.14, "2016": 16.05, "2017": 16.07, "2018": 16.81, "2019": 16.78, "2020": 17.76, "2021": 16.79, "2022": 15.57, "2023": 16.02, "2024": 15.82, "2025": 16.45 } }, "moversShare": { "name": "Moved residence in the preceding year", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of population aged 1 and older", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2023, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, CPS ASEC Geographic Mobility Table A-1", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/geographic-mobility/time-series/historic/hst_mig_a_1.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/geographic-mobility/historic.html", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/geographic-mobility/time-series/historic/tab-a-1.xls", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "PERCENT panel, Total movers column. Uses the later-method population-control row, listed first, for duplicate years. The current workbook reaches 2023. Its 2020-controls estimate for 2020 is 9.2%; the 2010-controls row is 9.3%. No interpolation. Breaks: Question wording changed in 2004; 1972–75 and 1977–80 lack comparable one-year estimates. 2014 ASEC redesign; 2004 question wording change; 1972–75 and 1977–80 not collected; 2020-controls revision of 2020.", "data": { "1948": 20.2, "1949": 19.2, "1950": 19.1, "1951": 21.2, "1952": 20.3, "1953": 20.6, "1954": 19.3, "1955": 20.4, "1956": 21.1, "1957": 19.9, "1958": 20.3, "1959": 19.7, "1960": 19.9, "1961": 20.6, "1962": 19.6, "1963": 20, "1964": 20.1, "1965": 20.7, "1966": 19.8, "1967": 19, "1968": 19.5, "1969": 19, "1970": 19.1, "1971": 18.7, "1976": 17.7, "1981": 17.2, "1982": 17, "1983": 16.6, "1984": 17.3, "1985": 20.2, "1986": 18.6, "1987": 18.6, "1988": 17.8, "1989": 17.8, "1990": 17.9, "1991": 17, "1992": 17.3, "1993": 17, "1994": 16.7, "1995": 16.4, "1996": 16.3, "1997": 16.5, "1998": 16, "1999": 15.9, "2000": 16.1, "2001": 14.2, "2002": 14.8, "2003": 14.2, "2004": 13.7, "2005": 13.9, "2006": 13.7, "2007": 13.2, "2008": 11.9, "2009": 12.5, "2010": 12.5, "2011": 11.6, "2012": 12, "2013": 11.7, "2014": 11.5, "2015": 11.6, "2016": 11.2, "2017": 11, "2018": 10.1, "2019": 9.8, "2020": 9.2, "2021": 8.4, "2022": 8.7, "2023": 7.8 } }, "fosterCareChildren": { "name": "Children in foster care on September 30", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "children", "coverage": { "first": 2009, "last": 2025, "points": 17 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "ACF Children's Bureau, AFCARS", "sourceUrl": "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/2025-afcars-dashboard-printable.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption_09thru18.pdf", "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption_10thru19.pdf", "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/national-afcars-data-2013-2022.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Federal fiscal-year end counts, 2009–2025. Later source editions replace overlapping earlier counts; trends spreadsheets round to thousands, dashboard counts do not. Sources: FY2009–18 trends, FY2010–19 trends, FY2013–22 workbook, preliminary FY2025 dashboard (February 27, 2026). Coverage before 2009 was not recovered: attempted trends_fostercare_adoption_00thru09.pdf returned HTTP 404. The AFCARS 2020 rule begins FY2023 collection and changes reporting population; the dashboard says pre-2023 counts should be considered separate. Washington first reported under the new rule in FY2025 and Wyoming in FY2024, affecting increases. FY2025 preliminary. Breaks: FY2023 AFCARS 2020 rule and changed reporting population; Wyoming added FY2024, Washington FY2025; revised/rounded historical counts. Provisional years: 2025.", "data": { "2009": 423000, "2010": 407000, "2011": 392000, "2012": 392000, "2013": 396000, "2014": 411000, "2015": 421000, "2016": 430000, "2017": 437000, "2018": 437000, "2019": 426000, "2020": 407332, "2021": 391641, "2022": 368530, "2023": 339309, "2024": 327364, "2025": 331747 } }, "childMaltreatmentRate": { "name": "Child maltreatment victims", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "victims per 1,000 children", "coverage": { "first": 2005, "last": 2023, "points": 19 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "ACF Children's Bureau, Child Maltreatment / NCANDS", "sourceUrl": "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2023.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2009.pdf", "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2013.pdf", "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2017.pdf", "https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2019.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Federal fiscal years. Unique-count child victims per 1,000 children in reporting states. CM2009 Table 3-7 (2005–09), CM2013 Table 3-3 (2009–13), CM2017 Table 3-4 (2013–17), CM2019 Table 3-4 (2015–19), CM2023 Table 3-3 (2019–23). Newest edition wins each overlap. Revisions are material: 2013 rate 9.1 in CM2013 becomes 8.8 in CM2017; 2019 rate 8.9 in CM2019 becomes 9.2 in CM2023. Published reports describe resubmissions, changing reporting coverage and state definitions; this is administrative surveillance, not a constant-definition prevalence estimate. Breaks: none known that is dated: reporting-state coverage, state statutes, resubmissions and retrospective revisions vary; unique-count rates throughout.", "data": { "2005": 10.9, "2006": 11, "2007": 9.6, "2008": 9.5, "2009": 9.3, "2010": 9.3, "2011": 9.2, "2012": 9.1, "2013": 8.8, "2014": 9.1, "2015": 9.2, "2016": 9.1, "2017": 9.1, "2018": 9.2, "2019": 9.2, "2020": 8.3, "2021": 8.1, "2022": 7.6, "2023": 7.4 } }, "atusSocializing": { "name": "Time socializing and communicating", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "hours/day", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey Table A-1 and public API", "sourceUrl": "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v1/timeseries/data/TUU10101AA01013951", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/tus/tables.htm", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "All persons age 15+, average hours per day including people who did not perform the activity. No 2020 annual estimate was published because pandemic-related collection gaps prevented a comparable annual estimate. Breaks: 2020 is absent because ATUS data collection was suspended during part of the year; activity and population definitions follow each annual table.", "data": { "2003": 0.78, "2004": 0.76, "2005": 0.75, "2006": 0.76, "2007": 0.73, "2008": 0.71, "2009": 0.7, "2010": 0.7, "2011": 0.7, "2012": 0.74, "2013": 0.72, "2014": 0.71, "2015": 0.68, "2016": 0.65, "2017": 0.65, "2018": 0.64, "2019": 0.64, "2021": 0.57, "2022": 0.56, "2023": 0.57, "2024": 0.59, "2025": 0.58 } }, "atusTelevision": { "name": "Time watching television", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "hours/day", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey Table A-1 and public API", "sourceUrl": "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v1/timeseries/data/TUU10101AA01014236", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/tus/tables.htm", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "All persons age 15+, average hours per day including people who did not perform the activity. No 2020 annual estimate was published because pandemic-related collection gaps prevented a comparable annual estimate. Breaks: 2020 is absent because ATUS data collection was suspended during part of the year; activity and population definitions follow each annual table.", "data": { "2003": 2.58, "2004": 2.65, "2005": 2.58, "2006": 2.58, "2007": 2.62, "2008": 2.77, "2009": 2.82, "2010": 2.73, "2011": 2.75, "2012": 2.83, "2013": 2.77, "2014": 2.82, "2015": 2.78, "2016": 2.73, "2017": 2.77, "2018": 2.84, "2019": 2.81, "2021": 2.86, "2022": 2.79, "2023": 2.67, "2024": 2.6, "2025": 2.61 } }, "atusChildcare": { "name": "Time caring for household children", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "hours/day", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey Table A-1 and public API", "sourceUrl": "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v1/timeseries/data/TUU10101AA01010710", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/tus/tables.htm", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "All persons age 15+, average hours per day including people who did not perform the activity. No 2020 annual estimate was published because pandemic-related collection gaps prevented a comparable annual estimate. Breaks: 2020 is absent because ATUS data collection was suspended during part of the year; activity and population definitions follow each annual table.", "data": { "2003": 0.42, "2004": 0.43, "2005": 0.42, "2006": 0.41, "2007": 0.42, "2008": 0.42, "2009": 0.43, "2010": 0.4, "2011": 0.39, "2012": 0.4, "2013": 0.41, "2014": 0.41, "2015": 0.4, "2016": 0.4, "2017": 0.4, "2018": 0.39, "2019": 0.37, "2021": 0.37, "2022": 0.36, "2023": 0.38, "2024": 0.38, "2025": 0.36 } }, "atusSleep": { "name": "Time sleeping", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "hours/day", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey Table A-1 and public API", "sourceUrl": "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v1/timeseries/data/TUU10101AA01000247", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/tus/tables.htm", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "All persons age 15+, average hours per day including people who did not perform the activity. No 2020 annual estimate was published because pandemic-related collection gaps prevented a comparable annual estimate. Breaks: 2020 is absent because ATUS data collection was suspended during part of the year; activity and population definitions follow each annual table.", "data": { "2003": 8.57, "2004": 8.55, "2005": 8.62, "2006": 8.63, "2007": 8.57, "2008": 8.6, "2009": 8.67, "2010": 8.67, "2011": 8.71, "2012": 8.73, "2013": 8.74, "2014": 8.8, "2015": 8.83, "2016": 8.79, "2017": 8.8, "2018": 8.82, "2019": 8.84, "2021": 8.95, "2022": 9.02, "2023": 9.07, "2024": 9.04, "2025": 9.03 } }, "gssAttendWeekly": { "name": "Attend religious services nearly weekly or more", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of valid weighted adult responses", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the NORC General Social Survey cumulative microdata (WTSSPS-weighted shares)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from cumulative Stata public microdata, WTSSPS-weighted numerator divided by valid weighted denominator, minimum 200 weighted responses per year. ATTEND positive codes 6,7,8 (nearly every week; every week; several times a week); valid codes 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Missing years are not interpolated. SOCFREND concerns evenings with friends outside the neighborhood. Breaks: 2021 push-to-web pandemic design; 2022 and 2024 mixed mode differ from historical in-person interviews.", "data": { "1972": 40.42, "1973": 35.66, "1974": 36.74, "1975": 35.02, "1976": 34.69, "1977": 35.46, "1978": 34.55, "1980": 34.42, "1982": 34.16, "1983": 36.92, "1984": 38.06, "1985": 35.2, "1986": 35.78, "1987": 32.49, "1988": 32.93, "1989": 34.53, "1990": 32.95, "1991": 33.84, "1993": 35, "1994": 31.94, "1996": 29.79, "1998": 32.76, "2000": 30.42, "2002": 30.88, "2004": 33.1, "2006": 30.37, "2008": 29.64, "2010": 30.1, "2012": 30.03, "2014": 28.21, "2016": 27.96, "2018": 27.63, "2021": 24.52, "2022": 21.99, "2024": 25.62 } }, "gssNoReligion": { "name": "No religious preference", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of valid weighted adult responses", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the NORC General Social Survey cumulative microdata (WTSSPS-weighted shares)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from cumulative Stata public microdata, WTSSPS-weighted numerator divided by valid weighted denominator, minimum 200 weighted responses per year. RELIG positive codes 4 (none); valid codes 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. Missing years are not interpolated. SOCFREND concerns evenings with friends outside the neighborhood. Breaks: 2021 push-to-web pandemic design; 2022 and 2024 mixed mode differ from historical in-person interviews.", "data": { "1972": 5.49, "1973": 7.36, "1974": 7.31, "1975": 8.24, "1976": 7.75, "1977": 6.58, "1978": 9.33, "1980": 6.95, "1982": 8.16, "1983": 8.02, "1984": 7.49, "1985": 7.46, "1986": 7.25, "1987": 7.56, "1988": 8.02, "1989": 8.13, "1990": 8.82, "1991": 6.66, "1993": 9.2, "1994": 9.47, "1996": 11.74, "1998": 14.02, "2000": 13.86, "2002": 13.59, "2004": 14.28, "2006": 16.65, "2008": 17.29, "2010": 18.09, "2012": 19.61, "2014": 20.98, "2016": 22.39, "2018": 23.17, "2021": 29.3, "2022": 27.53, "2024": 25.66 } }, "gssSocialFriends": { "name": "Social evenings with friends at least several times a month", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of valid weighted adult responses", "coverage": { "first": 1974, "last": 2024, "points": 29 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from the NORC General Social Survey cumulative microdata (WTSSPS-weighted shares)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from cumulative Stata public microdata, WTSSPS-weighted numerator divided by valid weighted denominator, minimum 200 weighted responses per year. SOCFREND positive codes 1,2,3 (almost daily; once or twice a week; several times a month); valid codes 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Missing years are not interpolated. SOCFREND concerns evenings with friends outside the neighborhood. Breaks: 2021 push-to-web pandemic design; 2022 and 2024 mixed mode differ from historical in-person interviews.", "data": { "1974": 42.41, "1975": 39.28, "1977": 43.54, "1978": 43.67, "1982": 43.7, "1983": 42.57, "1985": 43.9, "1986": 41.03, "1988": 42.24, "1989": 39.89, "1990": 41.72, "1991": 44.22, "1993": 44.51, "1994": 44, "1996": 44.44, "1998": 42.36, "2000": 43.23, "2002": 47.22, "2004": 41.05, "2006": 43.07, "2008": 43.79, "2010": 44.57, "2012": 44.53, "2014": 42.83, "2016": 39.99, "2018": 40.22, "2021": 28.74, "2022": 38.99, "2024": 36.44 } }, "popGrowth": { "name": "Population Growth", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent per year", "coverage": { "first": 1931, "last": 2025, "points": 95 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED B230RC0A052NBEA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/B230RC0A052NBEA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BEA/Census midyear US resident population, year-over-year percent change.", "data": { "1931": 0.78, "1932": 0.64, "1933": 0.59, "1934": 0.63, "1935": 0.69, "1936": 0.64, "1937": 0.61, "1938": 0.78, "1939": 0.81, "1940": 0.83, "1941": 0.97, "1942": 1.09, "1943": 1.39, "1944": 1.21, "1945": 1.11, "1946": 1.04, "1947": 1.94, "1948": 1.74, "1949": 1.74, "1950": 1.67, "1951": 1.72, "1952": 1.73, "1953": 1.66, "1954": 1.77, "1955": 1.78, "1956": 1.78, "1957": 1.81, "1958": 1.67, "1959": 1.72, "1960": 2.05, "1961": 1.65, "1962": 1.55, "1963": 1.45, "1964": 1.39, "1965": 1.26, "1966": 1.16, "1967": 1.1, "1968": 1, "1969": 0.99, "1970": 1.16, "1971": 1.27, "1972": 1.07, "1973": 0.96, "1974": 0.92, "1975": 0.97, "1976": 0.97, "1977": 1.01, "1978": 1.06, "1979": 1.11, "1980": 1.16, "1981": 1, "1982": 0.96, "1983": 0.91, "1984": 0.88, "1985": 0.89, "1986": 0.91, "1987": 0.9, "1988": 0.91, "1989": 0.95, "1990": 1.13, "1991": 1.34, "1992": 1.34, "1993": 1.31, "1994": 1.22, "1995": 1.19, "1996": 1.17, "1997": 1.2, "1998": 1.17, "1999": 1.15, "2000": 1.1, "2001": 1, "2002": 0.96, "2003": 0.93, "2004": 0.91, "2005": 0.93, "2006": 0.95, "2007": 0.96, "2008": 0.94, "2009": 0.89, "2010": 0.85, "2011": 0.79, "2012": 0.78, "2013": 0.75, "2014": 0.79, "2015": 0.79, "2016": 0.77, "2017": 0.69, "2018": 0.59, "2019": 0.52, "2020": 0.4, "2021": 0.2, "2022": 0.56, "2023": 0.82, "2024": 0.89, "2025": 0.54 } }, "medianAge": { "name": "Median age of the resident population", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "years", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2025/national/asrh/nc-est2025-agesex.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2000-2010/intercensal/national/us-est00int-01.xls", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2010-2020/intercensal/national/asrh/nc-est2020int-agesex.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Published all-sexes median age, rounded to two decimals; the 2000–2010 workbook carries additional underlying precision. Vintage list: 2000–2010 intercensal estimates for 2000–2009; 2010–2020 intercensal estimates for 2010–2019; Vintage 2025 estimates for 2020–2025. Newer vintage wins at 2010 and 2020. The 1970–1999 extension is deferred: the historical Census workbooks cover resident population plus armed forces overseas, or single-year ages without a published median, so they are not joined. Breaks: Intercensal/vintage splice at 2010 and 2020; census-base revisions can change estimates. July annual estimates are not replaced by April census/base observations.", "data": { "2000": 35.36, "2001": 35.56, "2002": 35.75, "2003": 35.94, "2004": 36.1, "2005": 36.28, "2006": 36.49, "2007": 36.7, "2008": 36.89, "2009": 37.06, "2010": 37.2, "2011": 37.3, "2012": 37.5, "2013": 37.6, "2014": 37.7, "2015": 37.9, "2016": 38, "2017": 38.1, "2018": 38.4, "2019": 38.6, "2020": 38.7, "2021": 38.9, "2022": 39, "2023": 39.1, "2024": 39.2, "2025": 39.4 } }, "population65Share": { "name": "Resident population age 65 and older", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "%", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program age-group counts (65 and older divided by total)", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2025/national/asrh/nc-est2025-agesex.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2000-2010/intercensal/national/us-est00int-01.xls", "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2010-2020/intercensal/national/asrh/nc-est2020int-agesex.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Computed from all-sexes age-65-and-older counts divided by all-sexes total resident population. Vintage list: 2000–2010 intercensal estimates for 2000–2009; 2010–2020 intercensal estimates for 2010–2019; Vintage 2025 estimates for 2020–2025. Newer vintage wins at 2010 and 2020. The 1970–1999 extension is deferred: the historical Census workbooks cover resident population plus armed forces overseas, or single-year ages without a published median, so they are not joined. Breaks: Intercensal/vintage splice at 2010 and 2020; census-base revisions can change estimates. July annual estimates are not replaced by April census/base observations.", "data": { "2000": 12.43, "2001": 12.38, "2002": 12.35, "2003": 12.36, "2004": 12.36, "2005": 12.4, "2006": 12.46, "2007": 12.56, "2008": 12.75, "2009": 12.92, "2010": 13.09, "2011": 13.28, "2012": 13.75, "2013": 14.13, "2014": 14.51, "2015": 14.87, "2016": 15.25, "2017": 15.63, "2018": 16.03, "2019": 16.47, "2020": 16.87, "2021": 17.3, "2022": 17.7, "2023": 18.1, "2024": 18.47, "2025": 18.91 } }, "foreignBornShareDecennial": { "name": "Foreign-born population, decennial census", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1850, "last": 2000, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Working Paper 81, Table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2006/demo/pop-twps0081/tab01.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Sixteen decennial observations from 1850–2000, not annual ACS. Published percentage in the foreign-born column. For 1850/1860 the source assumes enslaved people were native-born; 1890 excludes certain Indian Territory/reservation populations. 1970 uses the 15-percent sample. Breaks: Alaska and Hawaii included from 1960; historical geography and nativity coverage vary.", "data": { "1850": 9.7, "1860": 13.2, "1870": 14.4, "1880": 13.3, "1890": 14.8, "1900": 13.6, "1910": 14.7, "1920": 13.2, "1930": 11.6, "1940": 8.8, "1950": 6.9, "1960": 5.4, "1970": 4.7, "1980": 6.2, "1990": 7.9, "2000": 11.1 } }, "permanentResidents": { "name": "Persons obtaining lawful permanent resident status", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "people", "coverage": { "first": 1820, "last": 2023, "points": 204 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics, 2023 Yearbook Table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://ohss.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/2024_0906_ohss_yearbook_lawful_permanent_residents_fy2023_0.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook/2023", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Official workbook totals, rounded to the nearest ten for privacy. Historical immigration admissions and modern lawful permanent residence have different administrative bases. Fiscal 1976 covers 15 months, July 1975–September 1976. Breaks: Historical immigration admissions and modern lawful permanent residence have different administrative bases. Fiscal 1976 covers 15 months, July 1975–September 1976.", "data": { "1820": 8390, "1821": 9130, "1822": 6910, "1823": 6350, "1824": 7910, "1825": 10200, "1826": 10840, "1827": 18880, "1828": 27380, "1829": 22520, "1830": 23320, "1831": 22630, "1832": 60480, "1833": 58640, "1834": 65370, "1835": 45370, "1836": 76240, "1837": 79340, "1838": 38910, "1839": 68070, "1840": 84070, "1841": 80290, "1842": 104570, "1843": 52500, "1844": 78620, "1845": 114370, "1846": 154420, "1847": 234970, "1848": 226530, "1849": 297020, "1850": 369980, "1851": 379470, "1852": 371600, "1853": 368650, "1854": 427830, "1855": 200880, "1856": 200440, "1857": 251310, "1858": 123130, "1859": 121280, "1860": 153640, "1861": 91920, "1862": 91990, "1863": 176280, "1864": 193420, "1865": 248120, "1866": 318570, "1867": 315720, "1868": 138840, "1869": 352770, "1870": 387200, "1871": 321350, "1872": 404810, "1873": 459800, "1874": 313340, "1875": 227500, "1876": 169990, "1877": 141860, "1878": 138470, "1879": 177830, "1880": 457260, "1881": 669430, "1882": 788990, "1883": 603320, "1884": 518590, "1885": 395350, "1886": 334200, "1887": 490110, "1888": 546890, "1889": 444430, "1890": 455300, "1891": 560320, "1892": 579660, "1893": 439730, "1894": 285630, "1895": 258540, "1896": 343270, "1897": 230830, "1898": 229300, "1899": 311720, "1900": 448570, "1901": 487920, "1902": 648740, "1903": 857050, "1904": 812870, "1905": 1026500, "1906": 1100740, "1907": 1285350, "1908": 782870, "1909": 751790, "1910": 1041570, "1911": 878590, "1912": 838170, "1913": 1197890, "1914": 1218480, "1915": 326700, "1916": 298830, "1917": 295400, "1918": 110620, "1919": 141130, "1920": 430000, "1921": 805230, "1922": 309560, "1923": 522920, "1924": 706900, "1925": 294310, "1926": 304490, "1927": 335180, "1928": 307260, "1929": 279680, "1930": 241700, "1931": 97140, "1932": 35580, "1933": 23070, "1934": 29470, "1935": 34960, "1936": 36330, "1937": 50240, "1938": 67900, "1939": 83000, "1940": 70760, "1941": 51780, "1942": 28780, "1943": 23730, "1944": 28550, "1945": 38120, "1946": 108720, "1947": 147290, "1948": 170570, "1949": 188320, "1950": 249190, "1951": 205720, "1952": 265520, "1953": 170430, "1954": 208180, "1955": 237790, "1956": 321630, "1957": 326870, "1958": 253270, "1959": 260690, "1960": 265400, "1961": 271340, "1962": 283760, "1963": 306260, "1964": 292250, "1965": 296700, "1966": 323040, "1967": 361970, "1968": 454450, "1969": 358580, "1970": 373330, "1971": 370480, "1972": 384690, "1973": 398520, "1974": 393920, "1975": 385380, "1976": 499090, "1977": 458760, "1978": 589810, "1979": 394240, "1980": 524300, "1981": 595010, "1982": 533620, "1983": 550050, "1984": 541810, "1985": 568150, "1986": 600030, "1987": 599890, "1988": 641350, "1989": 1090170, "1990": 1535870, "1991": 1826600, "1992": 973450, "1993": 903920, "1994": 803990, "1995": 720180, "1996": 915560, "1997": 797850, "1998": 653210, "1999": 644790, "2000": 841000, "2001": 1058900, "2002": 1059360, "2003": 703540, "2004": 957880, "2005": 1122260, "2006": 1266130, "2007": 1052420, "2008": 1107130, "2009": 1130820, "2010": 1042630, "2011": 1062040, "2012": 1031630, "2013": 990550, "2014": 1016520, "2015": 1051030, "2016": 1183510, "2017": 1127170, "2018": 1096610, "2019": 1031770, "2020": 707360, "2021": 740000, "2022": 1018350, "2023": 1172910 } }, "naturalizations": { "name": "Persons naturalized", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "people", "coverage": { "first": 1907, "last": 2023, "points": 117 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics, 2023 Yearbook Table 20", "sourceUrl": "https://ohss.dhs.gov/system/files/2025-07/2025_0725_plcy_yearbook_naturalizations_fy2023.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook/2023", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Official workbook totals, rounded to the nearest ten for privacy. 1907 covers September 27, 1906–June 30, 1907. Fiscal 1976 covers 15 months. Military naturalization provisions and reporting change historically. Breaks: 1907 covers September 27, 1906–June 30, 1907. Fiscal 1976 covers 15 months. Military naturalization provisions and reporting change historically.", "data": { "1907": 7940, "1908": 25980, "1909": 38370, "1910": 39450, "1911": 56680, "1912": 70310, "1913": 83560, "1914": 104150, "1915": 91850, "1916": 87830, "1917": 88100, "1918": 151450, "1919": 217360, "1920": 177680, "1921": 181290, "1922": 170450, "1923": 145080, "1924": 150510, "1925": 152460, "1926": 146330, "1927": 199800, "1928": 233160, "1929": 224730, "1930": 169380, "1931": 143500, "1932": 136600, "1933": 113360, "1934": 113670, "1935": 118950, "1936": 141270, "1937": 164980, "1938": 162080, "1939": 188810, "1940": 235260, "1941": 277290, "1942": 270360, "1943": 318930, "1944": 441980, "1945": 231400, "1946": 150060, "1947": 93900, "1948": 70150, "1949": 66590, "1950": 66350, "1951": 54720, "1952": 88660, "1953": 92050, "1954": 117830, "1955": 209530, "1956": 145890, "1957": 138040, "1958": 119870, "1959": 103930, "1960": 119440, "1961": 132450, "1962": 127310, "1963": 124180, "1964": 112230, "1965": 104300, "1966": 103060, "1967": 104900, "1968": 102730, "1969": 98710, "1970": 110400, "1971": 108410, "1972": 116220, "1973": 120400, "1974": 131150, "1975": 140750, "1976": 189990, "1977": 159870, "1978": 171970, "1979": 163110, "1980": 156630, "1981": 164390, "1982": 141000, "1983": 178420, "1984": 195860, "1985": 242450, "1986": 279500, "1987": 223250, "1988": 240780, "1989": 232660, "1990": 267590, "1991": 307390, "1992": 239660, "1993": 313590, "1994": 429120, "1995": 485720, "1996": 1040990, "1997": 596010, "1998": 461170, "1999": 837420, "2000": 886030, "2001": 606260, "2002": 572650, "2003": 462440, "2004": 537150, "2005": 604280, "2006": 702590, "2007": 660480, "2008": 1046540, "2009": 743720, "2010": 619910, "2011": 694190, "2012": 757430, "2013": 779930, "2014": 653420, "2015": 730260, "2016": 753060, "2017": 707270, "2018": 761900, "2019": 843590, "2020": 628250, "2021": 813860, "2022": 969380, "2023": 878460 } }, "borderEnforcementActions": { "name": "DHS initial enforcement actions", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "actions", "coverage": { "first": 1925, "last": 2023, "points": 99 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "DHS Office of Homeland Security Statistics, 2023 Yearbook Table 33", "sourceUrl": "https://ohss.dhs.gov/system/files/2026-08/2026_0806_ohss_yearbook_enforcement_fy2023.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook/2023", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Family-And-Society" ], "note": "Official workbook totals, rounded to the nearest ten for privacy. Definition widens: USBP apprehensions only before 1952; HSI administrative arrests added in 1952; ERO fugitive-program arrests added in 2006 and all ERO administrative arrests in 2008; OFO enforcement encounters/inadmissibles added in 2012; multiple same-day ERO arrests allowed from 2014. Title 42 expulsions included FY2020–23. Fiscal 1976 covers 15 months. Breaks: Definition widens: USBP apprehensions only before 1952; HSI administrative arrests added in 1952; ERO fugitive-program arrests added in 2006 and all ERO administrative arrests in 2008; OFO enforcement encounters/inadmissibles added in 2012; multiple same-day ERO arrests allowed from 2014. Title 42 expulsions included FY2020–23. Fiscal 1976 covers 15 months.", "data": { "1925": 22200, "1926": 12740, "1927": 16390, "1928": 23570, "1929": 32710, "1930": 20880, "1931": 22280, "1932": 22740, "1933": 20950, "1934": 10320, "1935": 11020, "1936": 11730, "1937": 13050, "1938": 12850, "1939": 12040, "1940": 10490, "1941": 11290, "1942": 11780, "1943": 11180, "1944": 31170, "1945": 69160, "1946": 99590, "1947": 193660, "1948": 192780, "1949": 288250, "1950": 468340, "1951": 509040, "1952": 543540, "1953": 885590, "1954": 1089580, "1955": 254100, "1956": 87700, "1957": 59920, "1958": 53470, "1959": 45340, "1960": 70680, "1961": 88820, "1962": 92760, "1963": 88710, "1964": 86600, "1965": 110370, "1966": 138520, "1967": 161610, "1968": 212060, "1969": 283560, "1970": 345350, "1971": 420130, "1972": 505950, "1973": 655970, "1974": 788150, "1975": 766600, "1976": 1097740, "1977": 1042220, "1978": 1057980, "1979": 1076420, "1980": 910360, "1981": 975780, "1982": 970250, "1983": 1251360, "1984": 1246980, "1985": 1348750, "1986": 1767400, "1987": 1190490, "1988": 1008150, "1989": 954240, "1990": 1169940, "1991": 1197880, "1992": 1258480, "1993": 1327260, "1994": 1094720, "1995": 1394550, "1996": 1649990, "1997": 1536520, "1998": 1679440, "1999": 1714040, "2000": 1814730, "2001": 1387490, "2002": 1062270, "2003": 1046420, "2004": 1264230, "2005": 1291070, "2006": 1206410, "2007": 960670, "2008": 1043760, "2009": 889210, "2010": 796590, "2011": 678610, "2012": 795740, "2013": 786220, "2014": 807320, "2015": 598350, "2016": 683780, "2017": 607680, "2018": 739490, "2019": 1175840, "2020": 609280, "2021": 1865380, "2022": 2584220, "2023": 2818660 } }, "happiness": { "name": "Happiness", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0-10)", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2025, "points": 20 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "World Happiness Report (Gallup World Poll)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldhappiness.report/country/USA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "World Happiness Report / Gallup World Poll, US single-year national average life evaluation by data year (not the 3-year ranking average). Series begins 2006; 2025 published in WHR 2026. 3-year means reproduce the published Figure 2.1 values exactly.", "data": { "2006": 7.182, "2007": 7.513, "2008": 7.28, "2009": 7.158, "2010": 7.164, "2011": 7.115, "2012": 7.026, "2013": 7.249, "2014": 7.151, "2015": 6.864, "2016": 6.804, "2017": 6.992, "2018": 6.883, "2019": 6.944, "2020": 7.028, "2021": 6.959, "2022": 6.693, "2023": 6.521, "2024": 6.959, "2025": 6.969 } }, "veryHappy": { "name": "Very Happy", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults \"very happy\"", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Taken all together, how would you say things are these days — would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1972": 30.3, "1973": 36.1, "1974": 36.4, "1975": 32.5, "1976": 34.4, "1977": 35.5, "1978": 33.6, "1980": 34.1, "1982": 33.9, "1983": 31.4, "1984": 35.2, "1985": 29.1, "1986": 32.8, "1987": 33.6, "1988": 36.1, "1989": 34.2, "1990": 35.1, "1991": 31.7, "1993": 31.4, "1994": 30, "1996": 32.2, "1998": 33.4, "2000": 34.7, "2002": 32.6, "2004": 32.2, "2006": 32.2, "2008": 30.9, "2010": 28, "2012": 31.7, "2014": 31.9, "2016": 30.4, "2018": 31.5, "2021": 19.4, "2022": 24.8, "2024": 23.4 } }, "gssNotTooHappy": { "name": "Not Too Happy", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults who say they are not too happy", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Taken all together, how would you say things are these days — would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Breaks: 2021 web-mode transition; ballot rotation gaps.", "data": { "1972": 16.5, "1973": 12.3, "1974": 13.2, "1975": 13.4, "1976": 12.4, "1977": 10.8, "1978": 8.4, "1980": 12.8, "1982": 11.8, "1983": 12.9, "1984": 12.2, "1985": 10.9, "1986": 10.6, "1987": 11.3, "1988": 8.3, "1989": 9.7, "1990": 8.4, "1991": 9.5, "1993": 10, "1994": 11.7, "1996": 10.5, "1998": 11.2, "2000": 9.5, "2002": 11.4, "2004": 12.8, "2006": 11.9, "2008": 14.2, "2010": 14.4, "2012": 12.7, "2014": 12.3, "2016": 14.7, "2018": 12.7, "2021": 23.8, "2022": 20.3, "2024": 20.4 } }, "lifeExciting": { "name": "Life Is Exciting", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults who find life exciting", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "In general, do you find life exciting, pretty routine, or dull? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1973": 46.5, "1974": 43.3, "1976": 45.2, "1977": 45.6, "1980": 47.7, "1982": 46.5, "1984": 46.3, "1985": 47.7, "1987": 45.2, "1988": 46.8, "1989": 45, "1990": 44.2, "1991": 45.4, "1993": 46.2, "1994": 47.9, "1996": 50.5, "1998": 45.3, "2000": 46.5, "2002": 52.9, "2004": 48.2, "2006": 51, "2008": 47.6, "2010": 52, "2012": 52.7, "2014": 51.1, "2016": 51.2, "2018": 51.6, "2021": 35.1, "2022": 43, "2024": 37.3 } }, "gssMarriageVeryHappy": { "name": "Marriage Is Very Happy", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of married adults who say their marriage is very happy", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 34 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Taking all things together, how would you describe your marriage? Would you say that your marriage is very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Breaks: 2021 web-mode transition; ballot rotation gaps.", "data": { "1973": 67.9, "1974": 69, "1975": 68.2, "1976": 66.4, "1977": 66.2, "1978": 64.8, "1980": 68.4, "1982": 64.8, "1983": 63.6, "1984": 66, "1985": 55.8, "1986": 63.4, "1987": 66, "1988": 61.8, "1989": 60.2, "1990": 64.8, "1991": 63.7, "1993": 60.7, "1994": 60.5, "1996": 61.7, "1998": 63.7, "2000": 62.7, "2002": 59.8, "2004": 60.8, "2006": 61.4, "2008": 62.2, "2010": 62.1, "2012": 65.4, "2014": 60.4, "2016": 60.5, "2018": 64, "2021": 60.7, "2022": 60.4, "2024": 60.8 } }, "gssJobVerySatisfied": { "name": "Very Satisfied With Job", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of employed adults very satisfied with their job", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "On the whole, how satisfied are you with the work you do — would you say you are very satisfied, moderately satisfied, a little dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Breaks: 2021 web-mode transition; ballot rotation gaps.", "data": { "1972": 48.9, "1973": 49, "1974": 46.7, "1975": 53.8, "1976": 50, "1977": 46.1, "1978": 49.3, "1980": 45.4, "1982": 46.2, "1983": 47.3, "1984": 47.1, "1985": 46.4, "1986": 48.7, "1987": 44.3, "1988": 46.2, "1989": 46.4, "1990": 45.2, "1991": 44.2, "1993": 42.8, "1994": 44.4, "1996": 45.3, "1998": 48.6, "2000": 45.9, "2002": 50.2, "2004": 50.4, "2006": 49.2, "2008": 51.2, "2010": 49.3, "2012": 50.8, "2014": 47.9, "2016": 49.5, "2018": 49.5, "2021": 40.7, "2022": 45.3, "2024": 44.8 } }, "gallupPersonalLifeSatisfied": { "name": "Satisfied With Personal Life", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent satisfied", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2025, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Mood of the Nation", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/655493/new-low-satisfied-personal-life.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Personal-life satisfaction from Gallup's annual January Mood of the Nation survey. The overall satisfied series and the very-satisfied series measure different response thresholds; the very-satisfied split begins in 2001. Earlier overall readings are irregular; missing years are not interpolated. Where a year has multiple readings, the first published table row is retained. Breaks: 2001 very/somewhat split introduced.", "data": { "1979": 79, "1981": 81, "1982": 75, "1983": 77, "1984": 79, "1985": 82, "1986": 84, "1987": 83, "1988": 87, "1990": 82, "1991": 79, "1992": 79, "1993": 82, "1996": 86, "1998": 86, "2000": 87, "2001": 84, "2002": 83, "2003": 88, "2004": 84, "2005": 85, "2006": 84, "2007": 84, "2008": 80, "2011": 78, "2013": 79, "2015": 85, "2016": 85, "2017": 87, "2019": 86, "2020": 90, "2021": 82, "2022": 85, "2023": 83, "2024": 78, "2025": 81 } }, "gallupPersonalLifeVerySatisfied": { "name": "Very Satisfied With Personal Life", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent very satisfied", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2025, "points": 19 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Mood of the Nation", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/655493/new-low-satisfied-personal-life.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Personal-life satisfaction from Gallup's annual January Mood of the Nation survey. The overall satisfied series and the very-satisfied series measure different response thresholds; the very-satisfied split begins in 2001. Earlier overall readings are irregular; missing years are not interpolated. Where a year has multiple readings, the first published table row is retained. Breaks: 2001 very/somewhat split introduced.", "data": { "2001": 55, "2002": 53, "2003": 58, "2004": 58, "2005": 57, "2006": 55, "2007": 59, "2008": 47, "2011": 46, "2013": 50, "2016": 53, "2017": 57, "2019": 56, "2020": 65, "2021": 51, "2022": 51, "2023": 50, "2024": 47, "2025": 44 } }, "optimismFutureLife": { "name": "Optimistic About Life in 5 Years", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent rating their expected life in five years 8–10 on a 0–10 ladder", "coverage": { "first": 2009, "last": 2026, "points": 18 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup National Health and Well-Being Index", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/702125/american-optimism-slumps-record-low.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup National Health and Well-Being Index (U.S. adults, tens of thousands of interviews a year), Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale: respondents rate their life today and their expected life five years from now on a 0–10 ladder. Gallup moved from daily phone tracking to its web panel over 2018–2020. Values are Gallup's own published annual figures.", "data": { "2009": 63, "2010": 64.1, "2011": 63.4, "2012": 63.8, "2013": 63.1, "2014": 67.7, "2015": 68.7, "2016": 68.9, "2017": 68.2, "2018": 66.4, "2019": 66.1, "2020": 68.3, "2021": 67.7, "2022": 63.1, "2023": 61.9, "2024": 62.7, "2025": 59.2, "2026": 59.7 } }, "satisfiedWithCountry": { "name": "Satisfied With How Things Are Going in the U.S.", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent satisfied, annual average of Gallup readings", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2026, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "Gallup, Satisfaction With the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1669/general-mood-country.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"In general, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in the United States at this time?\" Annual value is the plain average of every Gallup reading that year (monthly since 2001; one to four readings a year in the 1980s and 1990s, none in 1980). Gallup publishes the readings, not the annual average — the averaging is the only arithmetic here.", "data": { "1979": 19, "1981": 25.7, "1982": 24.3, "1983": 35, "1984": 48.8, "1985": 51, "1986": 60, "1987": 45, "1988": 48.5, "1989": 44.5, "1990": 39.6, "1991": 47.1, "1992": 20.6, "1993": 27.8, "1994": 32.7, "1995": 31.7, "1996": 38.9, "1997": 49, "1998": 59.6, "1999": 58.8, "2000": 59.8, "2001": 54.8, "2002": 52.3, "2003": 46, "2004": 42.5, "2005": 38.4, "2006": 31.2, "2007": 27.5, "2008": 15.1, "2009": 26, "2010": 21.6, "2011": 17.1, "2012": 25.5, "2013": 23.8, "2014": 23.2, "2015": 27.8, "2016": 27.1, "2017": 27.3, "2018": 34, "2019": 32.3, "2020": 25.7, "2021": 26.7, "2022": 18.5, "2023": 19.4, "2024": 21.7, "2025": 30.1, "2026": 24.5 } }, "betterThanParents": { "name": "Better Off Than Parents", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent whose standard of living is better than their parents' at the same age", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2024, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Compared to your parents when they were the age you are now, do you think your own standard of living now is much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse than theirs was? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1994": 65.3, "1996": 63.6, "1998": 66.2, "2000": 68.3, "2002": 68.5, "2004": 70.2, "2006": 67, "2008": 62.8, "2010": 59.9, "2012": 62, "2014": 61.5, "2016": 59.5, "2018": 62.8, "2021": 57.7, "2022": 61.1, "2024": 54.5 } }, "kidsBetterOff": { "name": "Kids Will Be Better Off", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent expecting their children's standard of living to be better than their own", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2024, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "When your children are at the age you are now, do you think their standard of living will be much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse than yours is now? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1994": 52.2, "1996": 52.8, "1998": 63.6, "2000": 69.1, "2002": 68.9, "2004": 60.4, "2006": 63.9, "2008": 59.6, "2010": 60.9, "2012": 56.8, "2014": 58, "2016": 61.4, "2018": 64, "2022": 56.9, "2024": 58.8 } }, "expectBetterOffNextYear": { "name": "Expect to Be Better Off Next Year", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent expecting to be better off financially a year from now", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2025, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers, Table 8", "sourceUrl": "https://data.sca.isr.umich.edu/tables.php", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.sca.isr.umich.edu/data-archive/mine.php", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Do you think that a year from now you will be better off financially, or worse off, or just about the same as now?\" Annual figures as published by the Survey Research Center (monthly survey, ~500–1,000 interviews). The survey moved online through 2017–2024, which Michigan documents as a level effect.", "data": { "1978": 27, "1979": 22, "1980": 27, "1981": 30, "1982": 32, "1983": 37, "1984": 38, "1985": 35, "1986": 37, "1987": 35, "1988": 37, "1989": 38, "1990": 34, "1991": 34, "1992": 35, "1993": 34, "1994": 37, "1995": 36, "1996": 38, "1997": 42, "1998": 42, "1999": 42, "2000": 43, "2001": 40, "2002": 42, "2003": 41, "2004": 40, "2005": 36, "2006": 34, "2007": 33, "2008": 26, "2009": 29, "2010": 27, "2011": 23, "2012": 26, "2013": 27, "2014": 30, "2015": 35, "2016": 36, "2017": 39, "2018": 41, "2019": 41, "2020": 36, "2021": 33, "2022": 29, "2023": 29, "2024": 32, "2025": 26 } }, "consumerSentiment": { "name": "Consumer Sentiment Index (University of Michigan)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "index, 1966 Q1 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1961, "last": 2026, "points": 66 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sca.isr.umich.edu/files/tbyics.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.sca.isr.umich.edu/files/tbmics.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Index summarizing a survey of ~500 households on personal finances, business conditions, and buying conditions. Annual figures as published by the Survey Research Center; the annual CSV begins in 1961, while the monthly history begins in 1952. Michigan's Surveys of Consumers moved increasingly online through 2017–2024, which Michigan documents as a level effect. A current-year annual row is marked partial through its published month; if absent, the mean of published current-year months is used. Breaks: 1978 monthly collection; later transition from telephone to web interviewing.", "data": { "1961": 91.5, "1962": 99.7, "1963": 98.5, "1964": 99.6, "1965": 102, "1966": 97, "1967": 94.7, "1968": 94.2, "1969": 90.3, "1970": 75.8, "1971": 80.6, "1972": 93.2, "1973": 76.9, "1974": 64.6, "1975": 70.6, "1976": 86, "1977": 87.7, "1978": 79.4, "1979": 66, "1980": 64.5, "1981": 70, "1982": 68, "1983": 87.5, "1984": 97.5, "1985": 93.2, "1986": 94.8, "1987": 90.9, "1988": 93.7, "1989": 92.7, "1990": 81.6, "1991": 77.5, "1992": 77.3, "1993": 82.8, "1994": 92.3, "1995": 92.2, "1996": 93.6, "1997": 103.2, "1998": 104.6, "1999": 105.8, "2000": 107.6, "2001": 89.2, "2002": 89.6, "2003": 87.6, "2004": 95.2, "2005": 88.5, "2006": 87.3, "2007": 85.6, "2008": 63.7, "2009": 66.3, "2010": 71.8, "2011": 67.3, "2012": 76.6, "2013": 79.2, "2014": 84.1, "2015": 92.9, "2016": 91.9, "2017": 96.8, "2018": 98.4, "2019": 96, "2020": 81.6, "2021": 77.6, "2022": 59, "2023": 65.3, "2024": 72.5, "2025": 57.6, "2026": 52.2 } }, "gallupEconomicConfidence": { "name": "Gallup Economic Confidence Index", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "index, net percent (can range roughly -100 to +100)", "coverage": { "first": 1996, "last": 2026, "points": 31 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "computed from Gallup Economic Confidence Index monthly readings (annual mean)", "sourceUrl": "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/6VwvN/4/dataset.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/y7uQi/2/dataset.csv", "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/6VwvN/4/dataset.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's Economic Confidence Index is the average of two components: current conditions (% excellent or good minus % poor) and economic outlook (% getting better minus % getting worse), net positive minus negative. Gallup does not publish the verbatim question wording on this chart; this paraphrase follows its title and description (6VwvN/6). Annual mean of published monthly values; multiple polls within a month are averaged before averaging months. Historical coverage is irregular and missing months are not interpolated. The sourceUrl is the pinned Datawrapper CSV because the chart metadata's source-url is empty; pinned versions are retained for reproducibility and may lag the current chart. Breaks: 2008–2017 daily tracking, monthly polling again from 2017.", "data": { "1996": 13.8, "1997": 23.3, "1998": 39.3, "1999": 44.8, "2000": 42.9, "2001": -0.6, "2002": 3.5, "2003": -3.3, "2004": 9, "2005": -3.7, "2006": -5.3, "2007": -12.3, "2008": -53.7, "2009": -50.5, "2010": -15, "2011": -26, "2012": -11, "2013": -4, "2014": -10, "2015": 7, "2016": -9, "2017": 18, "2018": 25.8, "2019": 24.1, "2020": -3.4, "2021": -14.3, "2022": -40.8, "2023": -37, "2024": -25.9, "2025": -21.3, "2026": -26.3 } }, "gallupQualityJob": { "name": "Good Time to Find a Quality Job", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent saying now is a good time to find a quality job", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2026, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "computed from Gallup Good Time to Find a Quality Job monthly readings (annual mean)", "sourceUrl": "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gZ2wl/4/dataset.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/8YPmK/1/dataset.csv", "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gZ2wl/4/dataset.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Thinking about the job situation in America today, would you say that it is now a good time or a bad time to find a quality job?\" Question wording from the chart metadata (gZ2wl/9). Annual mean of published monthly values; multiple polls within a month are averaged before averaging months. Recent polling is roughly quarterly, not monthly; unpublished months are absent, never interpolated. The sourceUrl is the pinned Datawrapper CSV because the chart metadata's source-url is empty; pinned versions are retained for reproducibility and may lag the current chart. Breaks: none known.", "data": { "2001": 27.8, "2002": 25.8, "2003": 21.3, "2004": 32, "2005": 37.3, "2006": 41.3, "2007": 42.5, "2008": 20.3, "2009": 9.9, "2010": 10.9, "2011": 11.8, "2012": 18.8, "2013": 24.3, "2014": 29.6, "2015": 42.1, "2016": 42.2, "2017": 56.3, "2018": 64.8, "2019": 66.8, "2020": 38.8, "2021": 54, "2022": 68.5, "2023": 59, "2024": 48.3, "2025": 40, "2026": 35.5 } }, "satisfiedFinances": { "name": "Satisfied With Finances", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent pretty well satisfied with their financial situation", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "So far as you and your family are concerned, would you say that you are pretty well satisfied with your present financial situation, more or less satisfied, or not satisfied at all? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1972": 33.1, "1973": 31.4, "1974": 30.4, "1975": 31.1, "1976": 30.6, "1977": 34.7, "1978": 34.9, "1980": 26.8, "1982": 27.9, "1983": 28.3, "1984": 28.6, "1985": 29.1, "1986": 31.4, "1987": 29.4, "1988": 30.6, "1989": 29.8, "1990": 29.9, "1991": 28.2, "1993": 26.2, "1994": 28, "1996": 28, "1998": 30.3, "2000": 31, "2002": 30.4, "2004": 33, "2006": 30.3, "2008": 28.6, "2010": 23, "2012": 27.2, "2014": 27.3, "2016": 28.6, "2018": 33.2, "2021": 27, "2022": 26.7, "2024": 22.6 } }, "gallupFinancesBetter": { "name": "Personal Finances Getting Better (Gallup)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent saying their financial situation is getting better", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2025, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Personal Finances Getting Better (Gallup)", "sourceUrl": "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/w92AE/1/dataset.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/w92AE/1/dataset.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Right now, do you think that your financial situation as a whole is getting better or getting worse?\" Question wording from the chart title (w92AE/2). The latest poll in each calendar year is kept, matching the dataset's yearSeries convention. This is Gallup's question, distinct from the NORC GSS financesBetter series. The sourceUrl is the pinned Datawrapper CSV because the chart metadata's source-url is empty; pinned versions are retained for reproducibility and may lag the current chart. Breaks: none known.", "data": { "2001": 59, "2002": 52, "2003": 43, "2004": 53, "2005": 49, "2006": 47, "2007": 51, "2008": 32, "2009": 34, "2010": 39, "2011": 29, "2012": 42, "2013": 47, "2014": 43, "2015": 52, "2016": 47, "2017": 54, "2018": 55, "2019": 57, "2020": 41, "2021": 52, "2022": 37, "2023": 37, "2024": 43, "2025": 38 } }, "shedDoingOkay": { "name": "Doing at Least Okay Financially", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults", "coverage": { "first": 2013, "last": 2025, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Reserve Board, Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking", "sourceUrl": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2025-report-economic-well-being-us-households-202605.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Annual SHED, a nationally representative online survey of US adults. Combines the living comfortably and doing okay response categories. Named exception to the >=15-year minimum: SHED began in 2013, so this edition has 13 annual points through 2025. The 2020 survey was fielded in November, later than the usual timing, which may affect year-over-year comparability; no direction of bias is assumed. Breaks: 2020 survey fielded in November instead of October.", "data": { "2013": 62, "2014": 65, "2015": 69, "2016": 70, "2017": 74, "2018": 75, "2019": 75, "2020": 75, "2021": 78, "2022": 73, "2023": 72, "2024": 73, "2025": 73 } }, "shedCover400": { "name": "Could Cover a $400 Emergency Expense", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults", "coverage": { "first": 2013, "last": 2025, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Reserve Board, Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking", "sourceUrl": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2025-report-economic-well-being-us-households-202605.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Annual SHED, a nationally representative online survey of US adults. Could pay a $400 emergency expense with cash or its cash equivalent, without borrowing or selling something. Named exception to the >=15-year minimum: SHED began in 2013, so this edition has 13 annual points through 2025. The 2020 survey was fielded in November, later than the usual timing, which may affect year-over-year comparability; no direction of bias is assumed. Breaks: 2020 survey fielded in November instead of October.", "data": { "2013": 50, "2014": 53, "2015": 54, "2016": 56, "2017": 59, "2018": 61, "2019": 63, "2020": 64, "2021": 68, "2022": 63, "2023": 63, "2024": 63, "2025": 63 } }, "gssPeopleHelpful": { "name": "People Try to Be Helpful", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent saying most people try to be helpful (vs. looking out for themselves)", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "What people believe: Would you say that most of the time people try to be helpful, or that they are mostly just looking out for themselves? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Breaks: 2021 web-mode transition; ballot rotation gaps.", "data": { "1972": 46.8, "1973": 47.3, "1975": 56.9, "1976": 42.2, "1978": 57.8, "1980": 47.9, "1983": 57.7, "1984": 52.5, "1986": 56.1, "1987": 46.7, "1988": 49.1, "1989": 50, "1990": 50.6, "1991": 48.8, "1993": 50.6, "1994": 45.6, "1996": 43, "1998": 46.8, "2000": 46, "2002": 47.4, "2004": 49.1, "2006": 42.9, "2008": 45.3, "2010": 46.4, "2012": 46.2, "2014": 46.6, "2016": 46.8, "2018": 47.9, "2022": 43, "2024": 37.9 } }, "gssPeopleFair": { "name": "People Try to Be Fair", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent saying most people try to be fair (vs. would take advantage)", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "What people believe: Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Breaks: 2021 web-mode transition; ballot rotation gaps.", "data": { "1972": 60.3, "1973": 57.9, "1975": 62.2, "1976": 58, "1978": 62.5, "1980": 60.3, "1983": 59, "1984": 62.6, "1986": 62.9, "1987": 57.9, "1988": 60.1, "1989": 58.2, "1990": 56.5, "1991": 56.5, "1993": 54.3, "1994": 52.3, "1996": 49.5, "1998": 52.3, "2000": 52.5, "2002": 48.9, "2004": 49.2, "2006": 49, "2008": 50, "2010": 53.2, "2012": 49.8, "2014": 50.7, "2016": 53.4, "2018": 52.4, "2022": 44.4, "2024": 41.6 } }, "gssLotOfAverageManWorse": { "name": "Average Person's Lot Is Getting Worse", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent agreeing the lot of the average person is getting worse", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 1994, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "What people believe: In spite of what some people say, the lot (situation/condition) of the average man is getting worse, not better — do you agree or disagree? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped. Breaks: item retired from the GSS after 1994; 2021 web-mode transition does not apply.", "data": { "1973": 55.3, "1974": 61.5, "1976": 61, "1977": 56.5, "1980": 67.9, "1982": 65.9, "1984": 53.5, "1985": 48.9, "1987": 62.5, "1988": 62, "1989": 60.1, "1990": 58.6, "1991": 59.7, "1993": 68.5, "1994": 68.6 } }, "gallupMentalHealthExcellent": { "name": "Rate Their Mental Health Excellent", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults rating their own mental health excellent", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2025, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Rate Their Mental Health Excellent", "sourceUrl": "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/f9It9/6/dataset.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/f9It9/6/dataset.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"How would you describe your own mental health or emotional wellbeing at this time? Would you say it is — excellent, good, only fair or poor?\" Question wording from the chart metadata (f9It9/8); only Excellent, not Excellent/Good. Annual published observations. The sourceUrl is the pinned Datawrapper CSV because the chart metadata's source-url is empty; pinned versions are retained for reproducibility and may lag the current chart. Breaks: none known (telephone throughout).", "data": { "2001": 43, "2002": 43, "2003": 43, "2004": 51, "2005": 42, "2006": 45, "2007": 45, "2008": 45, "2009": 43, "2010": 45, "2011": 46, "2012": 48, "2013": 47, "2014": 45, "2015": 43, "2016": 44, "2017": 45, "2018": 43, "2019": 43, "2020": 34, "2021": 34, "2022": 31, "2023": 33, "2024": 31, "2025": 29 } }, "brfssFrequentMentalDistress": { "name": "Frequent Mental Distress (BRFSS State Median)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults, median across states and DC", "coverage": { "first": 2019, "last": 2024, "points": 6 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC, BRFSS Prevalence and Trends Data", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/dttw-5yxu.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Mental health not good on 14 or more of the past 30 days. CDC's own published median across all states and DC (not a population-weighted national average; BRFSS does not publish one in this table). This resource starts in 2019, with six annual readings through 2024 in the verified edition, a named short-coverage exception. Pre-2019 coverage, including 2011–2018, needs annual XPT microdata and _LLCPWT weighting not currently read by this pipeline; those years are omitted, not interpolated. Breaks: none known within 2019–2024 (the 2011 sampling redesign predates this series); CDC state median, not population-weighted.", "data": { "2019": 13.8, "2020": 13.2, "2021": 14.6, "2022": 15.9, "2023": 15.4, "2024": 15.6 } }, "nhisPsychologicalDistress": { "name": "Serious Psychological Distress (NHIS)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults aged 18 and over, age-adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 1998, "last": 2016, "points": 6 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS, Health, United States 2017, Table 46", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2017/046.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Serious psychological distress in the past 30 days (K6 score >= 13), civilian noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 and over, age-adjusted to the 2000 standard population. Six selected two-year pooled estimates, keyed by pool end year; missing pools are not interpolated. Named sparse-series exception to the >=15-year filter: the PDF publishes six pools spanning 1997–2016. The series ends at 2015–16, the last pre-2019 pool in this table. NHIS was redesigned in 2019; K6 was not collected in 2019/2020/2022 NHIS, and no post-redesign observations are appended. The table cautions that moving the questions in 2013 may affect comparability. The checked-in publisher PDF is verified against data/cdc/READ.md before parsing. Breaks: 2019 NHIS redesign; K6 not collected 2019, 2020, 2022; ends at the 2015–2016 pool.", "data": { "1998": 3.2, "2000": 2.6, "2002": 3.1, "2005": 3, "2011": 3.3, "2016": 3.6 } }, "nsduhAnyMentalIllness": { "name": "Any Mental Illness, Past Year", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults aged 18 or older", "coverage": { "first": 2008, "last": 2025, "points": 17 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "SAMHSA, National Survey on Drug Use and Health", "sourceUrl": "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56484/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/2024-nsduh-detailed-tables-072325.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt57152/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, adults aged 18 or older. 2008–2019 from the 2019 detailed tables' trend Table 10.1B; 2021 onward from the 2022/2024/2025 detailed tables. There is NO 2020 value: the 2020 survey was disrupted by the pandemic and SAMHSA says it is not comparable, and the 2021 redesign (web mode, new questions, new weighting) started a new baseline — SAMHSA advises against comparing 2021+ with earlier years, so the 2020 gap is a seam, not a missing year. Where a later release revised a year (2024 appears in both the 2024 and 2025 tables) the newer release wins. AMI and SMI are predictive-model estimates, not direct diagnoses. The 2025 release updated the mental illness model to align with DSM-5 and revised 2024 estimates; the 2023–2024 transition also crosses that model seam. Breaks: 2021 multimode redesign; 2020 collection disrupted.", "data": { "2008": 17.7, "2009": 18.1, "2010": 18.1, "2011": 17.8, "2012": 18.6, "2013": 18.5, "2014": 18.1, "2015": 17.9, "2016": 18.3, "2017": 18.9, "2018": 19.1, "2019": 20.6, "2021": 23, "2022": 23.1, "2023": 22.8, "2024": 21.5, "2025": 20.6 } }, "nsduhSeriousMentalIllness": { "name": "Serious Mental Illness, Past Year", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults aged 18 or older", "coverage": { "first": 2008, "last": 2025, "points": 17 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "SAMHSA, National Survey on Drug Use and Health", "sourceUrl": "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56484/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/2024-nsduh-detailed-tables-072325.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt57152/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, adults aged 18 or older. 2008–2019 from the 2019 detailed tables' trend Table 10.3B; 2021 onward from the 2022/2024/2025 detailed tables. There is NO 2020 value: the 2020 survey was disrupted by the pandemic and SAMHSA says it is not comparable, and the 2021 redesign (web mode, new questions, new weighting) started a new baseline — SAMHSA advises against comparing 2021+ with earlier years, so the 2020 gap is a seam, not a missing year. Where a later release revised a year (2024 appears in both the 2024 and 2025 tables) the newer release wins. AMI and SMI are predictive-model estimates, not direct diagnoses. The 2025 release updated the mental illness model to align with DSM-5 and revised 2024 estimates; the 2023–2024 transition also crosses that model seam. Breaks: 2021 multimode redesign; 2020 collection disrupted.", "data": { "2008": 3.7, "2009": 3.7, "2010": 4.1, "2011": 3.9, "2012": 4.1, "2013": 4.2, "2014": 4.1, "2015": 4, "2016": 4.2, "2017": 4.5, "2018": 4.6, "2019": 5.2, "2021": 5.7, "2022": 6, "2023": 5.7, "2024": 7.8, "2025": 6.9 } }, "nsduhAdultDepression": { "name": "Adult Major Depressive Episode, Past Year", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults aged 18 or older", "coverage": { "first": 2005, "last": 2025, "points": 20 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "SAMHSA, National Survey on Drug Use and Health", "sourceUrl": "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56484/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/2024-nsduh-detailed-tables-072325.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt57152/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, adults aged 18 or older. 2005–2019 from the 2019 detailed tables' trend Table 10.32B; 2021 onward from the 2022/2024/2025 detailed tables. There is NO 2020 value: the 2020 survey was disrupted by the pandemic and SAMHSA says it is not comparable, and the 2021 redesign (web mode, new questions, new weighting) started a new baseline — SAMHSA advises against comparing 2021+ with earlier years, so the 2020 gap is a seam, not a missing year. Where a later release revised a year (2024 appears in both the 2024 and 2025 tables) the newer release wins. Breaks: 2021 multimode redesign; 2020 collection disrupted.", "data": { "2005": 6.6, "2006": 6.5, "2007": 6.7, "2008": 6.5, "2009": 6.6, "2010": 6.8, "2011": 6.6, "2012": 6.9, "2013": 6.7, "2014": 6.6, "2015": 6.7, "2016": 6.7, "2017": 7.1, "2018": 7.2, "2019": 7.8, "2021": 8.5, "2022": 8.8, "2023": 8.5, "2024": 8.2, "2025": 7.4 } }, "nsduhAdolescentDepression": { "name": "Adolescent Major Depressive Episode, Past Year", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adolescents aged 12–17", "coverage": { "first": 2004, "last": 2025, "points": 21 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "SAMHSA, National Survey on Drug Use and Health", "sourceUrl": "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56484/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/2024-nsduh-detailed-tables-072325.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt57152/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, adolescents aged 12–17. 2004–2019 from the 2019 detailed tables' trend Table 11.2B; 2021 onward from the 2022/2024/2025 detailed tables. There is NO 2020 value: the 2020 survey was disrupted by the pandemic and SAMHSA says it is not comparable, and the 2021 redesign (web mode, new questions, new weighting) started a new baseline — SAMHSA advises against comparing 2021+ with earlier years, so the 2020 gap is a seam, not a missing year. Where a later release revised a year (2024 appears in both the 2024 and 2025 tables) the newer release wins. Breaks: 2021 multimode redesign; 2020 collection disrupted.", "data": { "2004": 9, "2005": 8.8, "2006": 7.9, "2007": 8.2, "2008": 8.3, "2009": 8.1, "2010": 8, "2011": 8.2, "2012": 9.1, "2013": 10.7, "2014": 11.4, "2015": 12.5, "2016": 12.8, "2017": 13.3, "2018": 14.4, "2019": 15.7, "2021": 20.8, "2022": 19.5, "2023": 18.1, "2024": 15.4, "2025": 15.1 } }, "yrbsPersistentSadness": { "name": "Persistent Feelings of Sadness or Hopelessness (YRBS)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of high school students", "coverage": { "first": 2013, "last": 2023, "points": 6 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC, Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report 2013–2023", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/yrbs/dstr/pdf/YRBS-2023-Data-Summary-Trend-Report.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Felt so sad or hopeless almost every day for at least two weeks in a row during the past year that they stopped doing some usual activities. National Total estimates, all high school students, rounded to whole percentages by the publisher. Biennial cadence is expected, not a gap; named exception to annual coverage expectations. Six survey readings from 2013 through 2023 are the full Total trend rows published in this PDF; no earlier years are inferred and no intervening years are interpolated. The checked-in publisher PDF is verified against data/cdc/READ.md before parsing. Breaks: biennial; 2021 fielded in fall 2021.", "data": { "2013": 30, "2015": 30, "2017": 31, "2019": 37, "2021": 42, "2023": 40 } }, "yrbsConsideredSuicide": { "name": "Seriously Considered Attempting Suicide (YRBS)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of high school students", "coverage": { "first": 2013, "last": 2023, "points": 6 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC, Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report 2013–2023", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/yrbs/dstr/pdf/YRBS-2023-Data-Summary-Trend-Report.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Seriously considered attempting suicide during the past year. National Total estimates, all high school students, rounded to whole percentages by the publisher. Biennial cadence is expected, not a gap; named exception to annual coverage expectations. Six survey readings from 2013 through 2023 are the full Total trend rows published in this PDF; no earlier years are inferred and no intervening years are interpolated. The checked-in publisher PDF is verified against data/cdc/READ.md before parsing. Breaks: biennial; 2021 fielded in fall 2021.", "data": { "2013": 17, "2015": 18, "2017": 17, "2019": 19, "2021": 22, "2023": 20 } }, "antidepressantUse": { "name": "Antidepressant Use in the Past Month (NHANES)", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults aged 18 and over", "coverage": { "first": 2010, "last": 2018, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS, NHANES, Data Briefs 283 and 377", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db377-tables-508.pdf#4", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db283.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Sparse survey cycles keyed to the cycle's end year, not annual; no interpolation. Five points, adults aged 18 and over, the 2009–2010 through 2017–2018 NHANES cycles from Data Brief 377's data table. Data Brief 283's 1999–2002 and 2003–2006 pools cover ages 12 and over, a different population; they are read and checked but never joined to this line. Later db283 pools are excluded because they overlap db377's cycles. Antidepressant use alone does not distinguish treatment access from illness prevalence. Breaks: five two-year NHANES cycles 2009–2018, adults 18+ only (the 12-and-over cycles in Data Brief 283 are a different population and are not joined); 2019–2020 cycle incomplete; NHIS 2023 item is a different instrument, never stitched.", "data": { "2010": 10.6, "2012": 12.7, "2014": 14.7, "2016": 12.6, "2018": 13.8 } }, "trustGov": { "name": "Trust in Government", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent trusting the federal government", "coverage": { "first": 1958, "last": 2025, "points": 53 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Pew Research Center, Public Trust in Government 1958-2025", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/06/24/public-trust-in-government-1958-2024/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Percent saying they trust the federal government to do what is right just about always or most of the time. Pew's long series stitches its own surveys to ANES, Gallup, CBS/NYT, and others; years with no survey are absent rather than interpolated. Read from Pew's published series 2026-08-18; there is no machine-readable endpoint, so these values are checked in and re-verified on each data refresh.", "data": { "1958": 73, "1964": 77, "1966": 65, "1968": 62, "1970": 54, "1972": 53, "1974": 36, "1976": 33, "1977": 35, "1978": 29, "1979": 30, "1980": 26, "1982": 33, "1984": 44, "1985": 46, "1986": 49, "1987": 42, "1988": 41, "1989": 44, "1990": 42, "1991": 47, "1992": 29, "1993": 28, "1994": 24, "1995": 22, "1996": 33, "1997": 39, "1998": 40, "1999": 38, "2000": 44, "2001": 55, "2002": 55, "2003": 37, "2004": 46, "2005": 32, "2006": 34, "2007": 31, "2008": 31, "2009": 26, "2010": 25, "2011": 20, "2012": 22, "2013": 20, "2014": 24, "2015": 19, "2017": 20, "2019": 17, "2020": 27, "2021": 24, "2022": 20, "2023": 16, "2024": 22, "2025": 17 } }, "trustMedia": { "name": "Trust in Mass Media", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or fair amount of trust", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2025, "points": 31 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Media Use and Evaluation", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1663/media-use-evaluation.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"In general, how much trust and confidence do you have in the mass media — such as newspapers, TV and radio — when it comes to reporting the news fully, accurately and fairly?\" Great deal + fair amount. Asked in 1972, 1974, 1976 and annually since 1997 (no 2006 reading); September field.", "data": { "1972": 68, "1974": 69, "1976": 72, "1997": 53, "1998": 55, "1999": 55, "2000": 51, "2001": 53, "2002": 54, "2003": 54, "2004": 44, "2005": 50, "2007": 47, "2008": 43, "2009": 45, "2010": 43, "2011": 44, "2012": 40, "2013": 44, "2014": 40, "2015": 40, "2016": 32, "2017": 41, "2018": 45, "2019": 41, "2020": 40, "2021": 36, "2022": 34, "2023": 32, "2024": 31, "2025": 28 } }, "peopleCanBeTrusted": { "name": "Most People Can Be Trusted", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent saying most people can be trusted", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1972": 46.6, "1973": 47.2, "1975": 40, "1976": 43, "1978": 38.4, "1980": 42.7, "1983": 34.9, "1984": 49.2, "1986": 37.4, "1987": 43.1, "1988": 39.5, "1989": 40.1, "1990": 37.6, "1991": 38.1, "1993": 33.6, "1994": 33.5, "1996": 32.9, "1998": 36.7, "2000": 35.1, "2002": 33.8, "2004": 33.9, "2006": 32.5, "2008": 32.2, "2010": 32.1, "2012": 31.8, "2014": 29.6, "2016": 31.9, "2018": 33.8, "2022": 26.2, "2024": 24.8 } }, "gallupCongress": { "name": "Confidence in Congress", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 42, "1975": 40, "1977": 40, "1979": 34, "1981": 29, "1983": 28, "1984": 29, "1985": 39, "1986": 41, "1988": 35, "1989": 32, "1990": 24, "1991": 18, "1993": 18, "1994": 18, "1995": 21, "1996": 20, "1997": 22, "1998": 28, "1999": 26, "2000": 24, "2001": 26, "2002": 29, "2003": 29, "2004": 30, "2005": 22, "2006": 19, "2007": 14, "2008": 12, "2009": 17, "2010": 11, "2011": 12, "2012": 13, "2013": 10, "2014": 7, "2015": 8, "2016": 9, "2017": 12, "2018": 11, "2019": 11, "2020": 13, "2021": 12, "2022": 7, "2023": 8, "2024": 9, "2025": 10, "2026": 9 } }, "gallupPresidency": { "name": "Confidence in the Presidency", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1975, "last": 2026, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1975": 52, "1991": 50, "1993": 43, "1994": 38, "1995": 45, "1996": 39, "1997": 49, "1998": 53, "1999": 49, "2000": 42, "2001": 48, "2002": 58, "2003": 55, "2004": 52, "2005": 44, "2006": 33, "2007": 25, "2008": 26, "2009": 51, "2010": 36, "2011": 35, "2012": 37, "2013": 36, "2014": 29, "2015": 33, "2016": 36, "2017": 32, "2018": 37, "2019": 38, "2020": 39, "2021": 38, "2022": 23, "2023": 26, "2024": 26, "2025": 30, "2026": 27 } }, "gallupSupremeCourt": { "name": "Confidence in the Supreme Court", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 45, "1975": 49, "1977": 45, "1979": 45, "1981": 46, "1983": 42, "1984": 51, "1985": 56, "1986": 54, "1987": 52, "1988": 56, "1989": 46, "1990": 47, "1991": 39, "1993": 43, "1994": 42, "1995": 44, "1996": 45, "1997": 50, "1998": 50, "1999": 49, "2000": 47, "2001": 50, "2002": 50, "2003": 47, "2004": 46, "2005": 41, "2006": 40, "2007": 34, "2008": 32, "2009": 39, "2010": 36, "2011": 37, "2012": 37, "2013": 34, "2014": 30, "2015": 32, "2016": 36, "2017": 40, "2018": 37, "2019": 38, "2020": 40, "2021": 36, "2022": 25, "2023": 27, "2024": 30, "2025": 27, "2026": 27 } }, "gallupPolice": { "name": "Confidence in the Police", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1993, "last": 2026, "points": 34 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1993": 52, "1994": 54, "1995": 58, "1996": 60, "1997": 59, "1998": 58, "1999": 57, "2000": 54, "2001": 57, "2002": 59, "2003": 61, "2004": 64, "2005": 63, "2006": 58, "2007": 54, "2008": 58, "2009": 59, "2010": 59, "2011": 56, "2012": 56, "2013": 57, "2014": 53, "2015": 52, "2016": 56, "2017": 57, "2018": 54, "2019": 53, "2020": 48, "2021": 51, "2022": 45, "2023": 43, "2024": 51, "2025": 45, "2026": 45 } }, "gallupMilitary": { "name": "Confidence in the Military", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1975, "last": 2026, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1975": 58, "1977": 57, "1979": 54, "1981": 50, "1983": 53, "1984": 58, "1985": 61, "1986": 63, "1987": 61, "1988": 58, "1989": 63, "1990": 68, "1991": 69, "1993": 67, "1994": 64, "1995": 64, "1996": 66, "1997": 60, "1998": 64, "1999": 68, "2000": 64, "2001": 66, "2002": 79, "2003": 82, "2004": 75, "2005": 74, "2006": 73, "2007": 69, "2008": 71, "2009": 82, "2010": 76, "2011": 78, "2012": 75, "2013": 76, "2014": 74, "2015": 72, "2016": 73, "2017": 72, "2018": 74, "2019": 73, "2020": 72, "2021": 69, "2022": 64, "2023": 60, "2024": 61, "2025": 62, "2026": 61 } }, "gallupPublicSchools": { "name": "Confidence in Public Schools", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 58, "1975": 62, "1977": 53, "1979": 53, "1981": 42, "1983": 39, "1984": 48, "1985": 48, "1986": 49, "1987": 50, "1988": 49, "1989": 43, "1990": 45, "1991": 35, "1993": 39, "1994": 34, "1995": 40, "1996": 38, "1997": 40, "1998": 37, "1999": 36, "2000": 37, "2001": 38, "2002": 38, "2003": 40, "2004": 41, "2005": 37, "2006": 37, "2007": 33, "2008": 33, "2009": 38, "2010": 34, "2011": 34, "2012": 29, "2013": 32, "2014": 26, "2015": 31, "2016": 30, "2017": 36, "2018": 29, "2019": 29, "2020": 41, "2021": 32, "2022": 28, "2023": 26, "2024": 29, "2025": 29, "2026": 27 } }, "confEducation": { "name": "Confidence in Education", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal of confidence in the people running education", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "… — Education NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1973": 37.2, "1974": 49.7, "1975": 31.7, "1976": 38.4, "1977": 40.3, "1978": 28.8, "1980": 30.1, "1982": 34, "1983": 29.6, "1984": 29, "1986": 28.6, "1987": 34.1, "1988": 30.3, "1989": 30.6, "1990": 27.2, "1991": 30.9, "1993": 22.7, "1994": 26.5, "1996": 24, "1998": 27.4, "2000": 27.7, "2002": 26.8, "2004": 29.2, "2006": 28.6, "2008": 29.9, "2010": 28.5, "2012": 25.4, "2014": 25.5, "2016": 26.3, "2018": 25.2, "2021": 17.8, "2022": 18.8, "2024": 19.8 } }, "confScience": { "name": "Confidence in Science", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal of confidence in the scientific community", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "… — Scientific community NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1973": 41.1, "1974": 50.6, "1975": 42, "1976": 47.9, "1977": 44.2, "1978": 40.8, "1980": 44.4, "1982": 43.3, "1983": 44.9, "1984": 49.9, "1986": 42.9, "1987": 47.8, "1988": 43.2, "1989": 45.2, "1990": 42.2, "1991": 43.8, "1993": 40.4, "1994": 41.1, "1996": 43.3, "1998": 43.9, "2000": 45.3, "2002": 40.5, "2004": 42.6, "2006": 44.1, "2008": 40.2, "2010": 42.9, "2012": 42.3, "2014": 43, "2016": 43.6, "2018": 47.6, "2021": 47.9, "2022": 39, "2024": 36.3 } }, "gallupMedical": { "name": "Confidence in the Medical System", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1975, "last": 2026, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1975": 80, "1977": 74, "1993": 34, "1994": 36, "1995": 41, "1996": 42, "1997": 38, "1998": 40, "1999": 40, "2000": 40, "2001": 40, "2002": 38, "2003": 44, "2004": 44, "2005": 42, "2006": 38, "2007": 31, "2008": 35, "2009": 36, "2010": 40, "2011": 39, "2012": 41, "2013": 35, "2014": 34, "2015": 37, "2016": 39, "2017": 37, "2018": 36, "2019": 36, "2020": 51, "2021": 44, "2022": 38, "2023": 34, "2024": 36, "2025": 32, "2026": 28 } }, "gallupBigBusiness": { "name": "Confidence in Big Business", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 26, "1975": 34, "1977": 32, "1979": 32, "1981": 20, "1983": 28, "1984": 29, "1985": 32, "1986": 28, "1988": 25, "1990": 25, "1991": 22, "1993": 23, "1994": 26, "1995": 21, "1996": 24, "1997": 28, "1998": 30, "1999": 30, "2000": 29, "2001": 28, "2002": 20, "2003": 22, "2004": 24, "2005": 22, "2006": 18, "2007": 18, "2008": 20, "2009": 16, "2010": 19, "2011": 19, "2012": 21, "2013": 22, "2014": 21, "2015": 21, "2016": 18, "2017": 21, "2018": 25, "2019": 23, "2020": 19, "2021": 18, "2022": 14, "2023": 14, "2024": 16, "2025": 15, "2026": 17 } }, "gallupBanks": { "name": "Confidence in Banks", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2026, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1979": 60, "1981": 47, "1983": 51, "1984": 51, "1985": 51, "1986": 49, "1987": 51, "1988": 49, "1989": 42, "1990": 36, "1991": 29, "1993": 37, "1994": 35, "1995": 43, "1996": 44, "1997": 41, "1998": 40, "1999": 43, "2000": 46, "2001": 44, "2002": 47, "2003": 50, "2004": 53, "2005": 49, "2006": 49, "2007": 41, "2008": 32, "2009": 22, "2010": 23, "2011": 23, "2012": 21, "2013": 26, "2014": 26, "2015": 28, "2016": 27, "2017": 32, "2018": 30, "2019": 30, "2020": 38, "2021": 33, "2022": 27, "2023": 26, "2024": 27, "2025": 30, "2026": 28 } }, "gallupReligion": { "name": "Confidence in Organized Religion", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 65, "1975": 68, "1977": 64, "1979": 65, "1981": 64, "1983": 62, "1984": 64, "1985": 66, "1986": 57, "1987": 61, "1988": 59, "1989": 52, "1990": 56, "1991": 56, "1993": 53, "1994": 54, "1995": 57, "1996": 57, "1997": 56, "1998": 59, "1999": 58, "2000": 56, "2001": 60, "2002": 45, "2003": 50, "2004": 53, "2005": 53, "2006": 52, "2007": 46, "2008": 48, "2009": 52, "2010": 48, "2011": 48, "2012": 44, "2013": 48, "2014": 45, "2015": 42, "2016": 41, "2017": 41, "2018": 38, "2019": 36, "2020": 42, "2021": 37, "2022": 31, "2023": 32, "2024": 32, "2025": 36, "2026": 33 } }, "turnout": { "name": "Voter Turnout", "category": "Government & Democracy", "unit": "percent of voting-age population, presidential elections", "coverage": { "first": 1964, "last": 2024, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, CPS Voting and Registration, Table A-1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/voting-and-registration/voting-historical-time-series.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Share of the voting-age population who told the Census they voted, presidential years only. Self-reported, so it runs several points above turnout counted from ballots; the trend, not the level, is the signal. The Census's citizen-only rate runs higher still but only exists from 1978, so this series uses the voting-age-population measure, which covers every election back to 1964. Midterms run structurally lower and are excluded.", "data": { "1964": 69.3, "1968": 67.8, "1972": 63, "1976": 59.2, "1980": 59.2, "1984": 59.9, "1988": 57.4, "1992": 61.3, "1996": 54.2, "2000": 54.7, "2004": 58.3, "2008": 58.2, "2012": 56.5, "2016": 56, "2020": 61.3, "2024": 59.3 } }, "deficit": { "name": "Federal Deficit", "category": "Government & Democracy", "unit": "percent of GDP (negative = deficit)", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2025, "points": 96 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED FYFSGDA188S", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FYFSGDA188S", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Federal surplus or deficit as a percent of GDP; negative values are deficits.", "data": { "1930": 0.8, "1931": -0.6, "1932": -4.6, "1933": -4.6, "1934": -5.4, "1935": -3.8, "1936": -5.1, "1937": -2.4, "1938": -0.1, "1939": -3, "1940": -2.8, "1941": -3.8, "1942": -12.4, "1943": -26.9, "1944": -21.2, "1945": -20.9, "1946": -7, "1947": 1.6, "1948": 4.3, "1949": 0.2, "1950": -1, "1951": 1.8, "1952": -0.4, "1953": -1.7, "1954": -0.3, "1955": -0.7, "1956": 0.9, "1957": 0.7, "1958": -0.6, "1959": -2.5, "1960": 0.1, "1961": -0.6, "1962": -1.2, "1963": -0.7, "1964": -0.9, "1965": -0.2, "1966": -0.5, "1967": -1, "1968": -2.7, "1969": 0.3, "1970": -0.3, "1971": -2, "1972": -1.8, "1973": -1, "1974": -0.4, "1975": -3.2, "1976": -3.9, "1977": -2.6, "1978": -2.5, "1979": -1.6, "1980": -2.6, "1981": -2.5, "1982": -3.8, "1983": -5.7, "1984": -4.6, "1985": -4.9, "1986": -4.8, "1987": -3.1, "1988": -3, "1989": -2.7, "1990": -3.7, "1991": -4.4, "1992": -4.5, "1993": -3.7, "1994": -2.8, "1995": -2.1, "1996": -1.3, "1997": -0.3, "1998": 0.8, "1999": 1.3, "2000": 2.3, "2001": 1.2, "2002": -1.4, "2003": -3.3, "2004": -3.4, "2005": -2.4, "2006": -1.8, "2007": -1.1, "2008": -3.1, "2009": -9.8, "2010": -8.6, "2011": -8.3, "2012": -6.6, "2013": -4, "2014": -2.8, "2015": -2.4, "2016": -3.1, "2017": -3.4, "2018": -3.8, "2019": -4.6, "2020": -14.5, "2021": -11.7, "2022": -5.3, "2023": -6.1, "2024": -6.2, "2025": -5.8 } }, "crudeProduction": { "name": "Crude oil production", "category": "Energy", "unit": "thousand barrels/day", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=PAPRPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN PAPRPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Thousand Barrels per Day. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 5046.411, "1950": 5407.052, "1951": 6158.112, "1952": 6256.383, "1953": 6457.759, "1954": 6342.433, "1955": 6806.652, "1956": 7151.046, "1957": 7169.592, "1958": 6709.553, "1959": 7053.671, "1960": 7035.336, "1961": 7182.899, "1962": 7332.025, "1963": 7541.707, "1964": 7614.268, "1965": 7804.148, "1966": 8295.241, "1967": 8810.252, "1968": 9095.743, "1969": 9237.674, "1970": 9636.849, "1971": 9462.778, "1972": 9440.896, "1973": 9207.953, "1974": 8774.205, "1975": 8374.737, "1976": 8131.639, "1977": 8244.562, "1978": 8707.441, "1979": 8551.534, "1980": 8596.626, "1981": 8571.573, "1982": 8648.534, "1983": 8687.668, "1984": 8878.951, "1985": 8971.378, "1986": 8680.142, "1987": 8348.978, "1988": 8139.689, "1989": 7613.077, "1990": 7355.307, "1991": 7416.545, "1992": 7171.125, "1993": 6846.665, "1994": 6661.579, "1995": 6559.638, "1996": 6464.527, "1997": 6451.592, "1998": 6251.833, "1999": 5881.458, "2000": 5821.604, "2001": 5801.401, "2002": 5744.078, "2003": 5649.3, "2004": 5440.968, "2005": 5183.822, "2006": 5085.864, "2007": 5073.9, "2008": 4999.671, "2009": 5356.696, "2010": 5484.399, "2011": 5674.207, "2012": 6523.771, "2013": 7495.399, "2014": 8781.45, "2015": 9433.479, "2016": 8852.31, "2017": 9361.268, "2018": 10952.951, "2019": 12314.754, "2020": 11336.109, "2021": 11311.297, "2022": 12004.218, "2023": 12943.384, "2024": 13234.586, "2025": 13586.087 } }, "gasProduction": { "name": "Natural gas marketed production", "category": "Energy", "unit": "billion cubic feet", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=NGMPPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN NGMPPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Billion Cubic Feet. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 5419.736, "1950": 6282.06, "1951": 7457.359, "1952": 8013.457, "1953": 8396.916, "1954": 8742.546, "1955": 9405.351, "1956": 10081.923, "1957": 10680.258, "1958": 11030.248, "1959": 12046.115, "1960": 12771.038, "1961": 13254.025, "1962": 13876.622, "1963": 14746.663, "1964": 15546.592, "1965": 16039.753, "1966": 17206.628, "1967": 18171.325, "1968": 19322.4, "1969": 20698.24, "1970": 21920.642, "1971": 22493.012, "1972": 22531.698, "1973": 22647.549, "1974": 21600.522, "1975": 20108.661, "1976": 19952.438, "1977": 20025.463, "1978": 19974.033, "1979": 20471.26, "1980": 20179.724, "1981": 19955.823, "1982": 18582.005, "1983": 16884.093, "1984": 18304.339, "1985": 17270.227, "1986": 16858.675, "1987": 17432.901, "1988": 17918.465, "1989": 18095.147, "1990": 18593.792, "1991": 18532.439, "1992": 18711.808, "1993": 18981.915, "1994": 19709.525, "1995": 19506.474, "1996": 19812.241, "1997": 19866.093, "1998": 19961.348, "1999": 19804.848, "2000": 20197.511, "2001": 20570.295, "2002": 19884.78, "2003": 19974.36, "2004": 19517.491, "2005": 18927.095, "2006": 19409.674, "2007": 20196.346, "2008": 21112.053, "2009": 21647.936, "2010": 22381.873, "2011": 24036.352, "2012": 25283.278, "2013": 25562.232, "2014": 27497.754, "2015": 28772.044, "2016": 28400.049, "2017": 29237.825, "2018": 33008.867, "2019": 36446.918, "2020": 36520.826, "2021": 37337.86, "2022": 39329.457, "2023": 41037.735, "2024": 41383.893, "2025": 43229.11 } }, "coalProduction": { "name": "Coal production", "category": "Energy", "unit": "thousand short tons", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=CLPRPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN CLPRPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Thousand Short Tons. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 480570, "1950": 560388, "1951": 576335, "1952": 507424, "1953": 488239, "1954": 420789, "1955": 490838, "1956": 529774, "1957": 518042, "1958": 431617, "1959": 432677, "1960": 434329, "1961": 420423, "1962": 439043, "1963": 477195, "1964": 504182, "1965": 526954, "1966": 546822, "1967": 564882, "1968": 556706, "1969": 570978, "1970": 612661, "1971": 560919, "1972": 602492, "1973": 598568, "1974": 610023, "1975": 654641, "1976": 684913, "1977": 697205, "1978": 670164, "1979": 781134, "1980": 829700, "1981": 823775, "1982": 838112, "1983": 782091, "1984": 895920.767, "1985": 883638.117, "1986": 890314.708, "1987": 918762.162, "1988": 950265.278, "1989": 980728.79, "1990": 1029075.527, "1991": 995983.881, "1992": 997544.933, "1993": 945424.288, "1994": 1033504.288, "1995": 1032973.77, "1996": 1063855.51, "1997": 1089931.782, "1998": 1117535.16, "1999": 1100431.43, "2000": 1073611.56, "2001": 1127688.806, "2002": 1094283.044, "2003": 1071752.573, "2004": 1112098.87, "2005": 1131498.099, "2006": 1162749.659, "2007": 1146635.345, "2008": 1171808.669, "2009": 1074923.392, "2010": 1084368.148, "2011": 1095627.536, "2012": 1016458.418, "2013": 984841.779, "2014": 1000048.758, "2015": 896940.563, "2016": 728364.498, "2017": 774609.357, "2018": 756167.095, "2019": 706309.263, "2020": 535434.354, "2021": 577431.278, "2022": 594155.282, "2023": 577954.017, "2024": 512540.324, "2025": 528423.418 } }, "petroleumNetImports": { "name": "Petroleum net imports", "category": "Energy", "unit": "thousand barrels/day", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=PANIPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN PANIPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Thousand Barrels per Day. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Negative values mean net exports; net exporter since 2020. Breaks: Negative values mean net exports; net exporter since 2020.", "data": { "1949": 318.31, "1950": 545.082, "1951": 422.307, "1952": 519.997, "1953": 632.625, "1954": 696.499, "1955": 880.482, "1956": 1006.025, "1957": 1006.581, "1958": 1424.523, "1959": 1568.537, "1960": 1612.582, "1961": 1742.748, "1962": 1913.433, "1963": 1914.518, "1964": 2056.986, "1965": 2280.778, "1966": 2374.69, "1967": 2229.948, "1968": 2608.811, "1969": 2933.332, "1970": 3160.559, "1971": 3701.466, "1972": 4518.921, "1973": 6024.877, "1974": 5891.66, "1975": 5846.321, "1976": 7089.65, "1977": 8564.542, "1978": 8001.611, "1979": 7985.29, "1980": 6364.609, "1981": 5401.09, "1982": 4298.206, "1983": 4312.027, "1984": 4715.461, "1985": 4286.134, "1986": 5438.927, "1987": 5914.048, "1988": 6586.54, "1989": 7201.752, "1990": 7160.887, "1991": 6625.813, "1992": 6938.014, "1993": 7617.752, "1994": 8054.042, "1995": 7885.689, "1996": 8497.9, "1997": 9158.115, "1998": 9763.532, "1999": 9912.486, "2000": 10419.061, "2001": 10900.323, "2002": 10546.468, "2003": 11237.789, "2004": 12096.913, "2005": 12548.908, "2006": 12390.468, "2007": 12035.83, "2008": 11113.667, "2009": 9666.594, "2010": 9440.681, "2011": 8450.308, "2012": 7393.134, "2013": 6237.443, "2014": 5065.024, "2015": 4710.565, "2016": 4794.694, "2017": 3768.45, "2018": 2341.344, "2019": 669.844, "2020": -634.866, "2021": -61.877, "2022": -1191.009, "2023": -1708.526, "2024": -2270.983, "2025": -2797.787 } }, "refineryInput": { "name": "Refinery crude input", "category": "Energy", "unit": "thousand barrels/day", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=CORIPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN CORIPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Thousand Barrels per Day. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 5326.633, "1950": 5739.362, "1951": 6494.258, "1952": 6670.107, "1953": 6999.63, "1954": 6957.71, "1955": 7480.049, "1956": 7937.448, "1957": 7919.003, "1958": 7642.203, "1959": 7993.592, "1960": 8067.033, "1961": 8183.995, "1962": 8409.948, "1963": 8686.718, "1964": 8806.91, "1965": 9043.403, "1966": 9444.364, "1967": 9815.326, "1968": 10312.459, "1969": 10629.055, "1970": 10869.871, "1971": 11199.477, "1972": 11696.347, "1973": 12430.833, "1974": 12133.496, "1975": 12442.263, "1976": 13415.956, "1977": 14602.419, "1978": 14739.049, "1979": 14647.638, "1980": 13481.336, "1981": 12470.479, "1982": 11773.575, "1983": 11685.118, "1984": 12044.216, "1985": 12002.03, "1986": 12715.879, "1987": 12854.2, "1988": 13246.38, "1989": 13401.044, "1990": 13409.258, "1991": 13301.414, "1992": 13411.484, "1993": 13612.715, "1994": 13866.058, "1995": 13973.471, "1996": 14194.713, "1997": 14661.551, "1998": 14888.721, "1999": 14803.973, "2000": 15066.653, "2001": 15127.773, "2002": 14946.658, "2003": 15303.767, "2004": 15475.03, "2005": 15220.088, "2006": 15242.066, "2007": 15156.43, "2008": 14648.325, "2009": 14336.044, "2010": 14723.545, "2011": 14806.43, "2012": 14998.678, "2013": 15312.345, "2014": 15848.321, "2015": 16187.808, "2016": 16186.872, "2017": 16589.701, "2018": 16969.403, "2019": 16562.729, "2020": 14212.011, "2021": 15146.504, "2022": 15977.247, "2023": 15966.819, "2024": 16225.352, "2025": 16370.921 } }, "strategicReserve": { "name": "Strategic Petroleum Reserve", "category": "Energy", "unit": "million barrels", "coverage": { "first": 1977, "last": 2025, "points": 49 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=COSQPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN COSQPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Barrels. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1977": 7.455, "1978": 66.86, "1979": 91.191, "1980": 107.8, "1981": 230.341, "1982": 293.827, "1983": 379.089, "1984": 450.505, "1985": 493.316, "1986": 511.565, "1987": 540.648, "1988": 559.515, "1989": 579.857, "1990": 585.692, "1991": 568.508, "1992": 574.724, "1993": 587.08, "1994": 591.67, "1995": 591.64, "1996": 565.816, "1997": 563.429, "1998": 571.405, "1999": 567.241, "2000": 540.678, "2001": 550.241, "2002": 599.091, "2003": 638.388, "2004": 675.6, "2005": 684.544, "2006": 688.605, "2007": 696.941, "2008": 701.823, "2009": 726.616, "2010": 726.545, "2011": 695.951, "2012": 695.268, "2013": 695.969, "2014": 690.959, "2015": 695.119, "2016": 695.082, "2017": 662.831, "2018": 649.139, "2019": 634.967, "2020": 638.086, "2021": 593.682, "2022": 372.03, "2023": 354.684, "2024": 393.568, "2025": 413.464 } }, "provedOilReserves": { "name": "Proved crude oil reserves", "category": "Energy", "unit": "million barrels", "coverage": { "first": 1899, "last": 2021, "points": 123 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, crude oil proved reserves", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/petroleum/crd/pres/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bseries%5D%5B%5D=RCRR01NUS_1&facets%5Bduoarea%5D%5B%5D=NUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Series RCRR01NUS_1; national duoarea NUS; publisher annual observations through 2021. Original unit: MMBBL. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Two-year publication lag: EIA's latest published annual reserves estimate is 2021 (live check 2026-09-11), so the series ends there and extends when EIA publishes. Breaks: Two-year publication lag: EIA's latest published annual reserves estimate is 2021 (live check 2026-09-11), so the series ends there and extends when EIA publishes.", "data": { "1899": 2500, "1900": 2900, "1901": 3000, "1902": 3200, "1903": 3400, "1904": 3600, "1905": 3800, "1906": 3800, "1907": 3900, "1908": 4000, "1909": 4200, "1910": 4500, "1911": 5000, "1912": 5400, "1913": 5500, "1914": 5400, "1915": 5500, "1916": 5900, "1917": 5900, "1918": 6200, "1919": 6700, "1920": 7200, "1921": 7800, "1922": 7600, "1923": 7600, "1924": 7500, "1925": 8500, "1926": 8800, "1927": 10500, "1928": 11000, "1929": 13200, "1930": 13600, "1931": 13000, "1932": 12300, "1933": 12000, "1934": 12177, "1935": 12400, "1936": 13063, "1937": 15507, "1938": 17348, "1939": 18483, "1940": 19025, "1941": 19559, "1942": 20083, "1943": 20064, "1944": 20453, "1945": 20827, "1946": 20874, "1947": 21488, "1948": 23280, "1949": 24649, "1950": 25268, "1951": 27468, "1952": 27961, "1953": 28945, "1954": 29561, "1955": 30012, "1956": 30435, "1957": 30300, "1958": 30536, "1959": 31719, "1960": 31613, "1961": 31759, "1962": 31389, "1963": 30970, "1964": 30991, "1965": 31352, "1966": 31452, "1967": 31377, "1968": 30707, "1969": 29632, "1970": 39001, "1971": 38063, "1972": 36339, "1973": 35300, "1974": 32250, "1975": 32682, "1976": 30942, "1977": 31780, "1978": 31355, "1979": 29810, "1980": 29805, "1981": 29426, "1982": 27858, "1983": 27735, "1984": 28446, "1985": 28416, "1986": 26889, "1987": 27256, "1988": 26825, "1989": 26501, "1990": 26254, "1991": 24682, "1992": 23745, "1993": 22957, "1994": 22457, "1995": 22351, "1996": 22017, "1997": 22546, "1998": 21034, "1999": 21765, "2000": 22045, "2001": 22446, "2002": 22677, "2003": 21891, "2004": 21371, "2005": 21757, "2006": 20972, "2007": 21317, "2008": 19121, "2009": 20682, "2010": 23267, "2011": 26544, "2012": 30529, "2013": 33371, "2014": 36385, "2015": 32318, "2016": 32773, "2017": 39160, "2018": 43824, "2019": 44191, "2020": 35835, "2021": 41151 } }, "rigCount": { "name": "Rotary rig count", "category": "Energy", "unit": "rigs", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=OGNRPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN OGNRPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Number of Rigs. Converted only by the declared unit scale. none known; EIA republishes Baker Hughes rig counts, the measurement origin. Breaks: none known; EIA republishes Baker Hughes rig counts, the measurement origin.", "data": { "1949": 2017, "1950": 2154, "1951": 2543, "1952": 2641, "1953": 2613, "1954": 2508, "1955": 2686, "1956": 2620, "1957": 2426, "1958": 1922, "1959": 2071, "1960": 1748, "1961": 1761, "1962": 1641, "1963": 1499, "1964": 1501, "1965": 1388, "1966": 1272, "1967": 1135, "1968": 1169, "1969": 1194, "1970": 1028, "1971": 976, "1972": 1107, "1973": 1194, "1974": 1472, "1975": 1660, "1976": 1658, "1977": 2001, "1978": 2259, "1979": 2177, "1980": 2909, "1981": 3970, "1982": 3105, "1983": 2232, "1984": 2428, "1985": 1980, "1986": 964, "1987": 936, "1988": 936, "1989": 869, "1990": 1010, "1991": 860, "1992": 721, "1993": 754, "1994": 775, "1995": 723, "1996": 779, "1997": 943, "1998": 827, "1999": 625, "2000": 918, "2001": 1156, "2002": 830, "2003": 1032, "2004": 1192, "2005": 1383, "2006": 1649, "2007": 1768, "2008": 1879, "2009": 1090, "2010": 1546, "2011": 1879, "2012": 1919, "2013": 1761, "2014": 1861, "2015": 962, "2016": 509, "2017": 876, "2018": 1032, "2019": 943, "2020": 433, "2021": 478, "2022": 723, "2023": 687, "2024": 599, "2025": 561 } }, "generationTotal": { "name": "Total electricity generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ELETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ELETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 296124.289, "1950": 334087.601, "1951": 375298.355, "1952": 403829.413, "1953": 447048.563, "1954": 476257.618, "1955": 550298.862, "1956": 603875.763, "1957": 634642.367, "1958": 648450.862, "1959": 713378.831, "1960": 759155.788, "1961": 797124.391, "1962": 857943.656, "1963": 920028.271, "1964": 987218.326, "1965": 1058385.671, "1966": 1147531.895, "1967": 1217795.688, "1968": 1332825.601, "1969": 1445458.056, "1970": 1535111.467, "1971": 1615853.616, "1972": 1752978.413, "1973": 1864056.632, "1974": 1870319.404, "1975": 1920754.569, "1976": 2040913.681, "1977": 2127447.488, "1978": 2209376.911, "1979": 2250665.025, "1980": 2289600.364, "1981": 2297973.338, "1982": 2244372.487, "1983": 2313445.686, "1984": 2419465.367, "1985": 2473002.12, "1986": 2490470.952, "1987": 2575287.667, "1988": 2707411.178, "1989": 2967146.087, "1990": 3037827.337, "1991": 3073798.885, "1992": 3083882.204, "1993": 3197191.096, "1994": 3247522.388, "1995": 3353487.362, "1996": 3444187.621, "1997": 3492172.283, "1998": 3620295.498, "1999": 3694809.81, "2000": 3802105.043, "2001": 3736643.649, "2002": 3858452.246, "2003": 3883185.204, "2004": 3970555.264, "2005": 4055422.75, "2006": 4064702.228, "2007": 4156744.724, "2008": 4119387.76, "2009": 3950330.927, "2010": 4125059.9, "2011": 4100140.927, "2012": 4047765.267, "2013": 4065964.068, "2014": 4093564.143, "2015": 4078713.773, "2016": 4077573.801, "2017": 4035442.895, "2018": 4180987.703, "2019": 4130573.88, "2020": 4009766.846, "2021": 4109699.39, "2022": 4230667.564, "2023": 4183270.479, "2024": 4308634.298, "2025": 4429501.604 } }, "genGas": { "name": "Natural gas electricity generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=NGETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN NGETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 36966.709, "1950": 44559.159, "1951": 56615.678, "1952": 68453.088, "1953": 79790.975, "1954": 93688.271, "1955": 95285.441, "1956": 104037.208, "1957": 114212.525, "1958": 119759.302, "1959": 146619.391, "1960": 157969.787, "1961": 169285.998, "1962": 184301.293, "1963": 201602.073, "1964": 220038.479, "1965": 221559.434, "1966": 251151.562, "1967": 264805.785, "1968": 304432.723, "1969": 333278.945, "1970": 372890.063, "1971": 374030.784, "1972": 375747.796, "1973": 340858.192, "1974": 320065.088, "1975": 299778.408, "1976": 294623.911, "1977": 305504.859, "1978": 305390.836, "1979": 329485.107, "1980": 346239.9, "1981": 345777.173, "1982": 305259.749, "1983": 274098.458, "1984": 297393.596, "1985": 291945.965, "1986": 248508.433, "1987": 272620.803, "1988": 252800.704, "1989": 352628.866, "1990": 372765.154, "1991": 381553.017, "1992": 404074.372, "1993": 414926.798, "1994": 460218.682, "1995": 496057.945, "1996": 455055.576, "1997": 479398.67, "1998": 531257.104, "1999": 556396.127, "2000": 601038.159, "2001": 639129.119, "2002": 691005.744, "2003": 649907.539, "2004": 710100.017, "2005": 760960.254, "2006": 816440.77, "2007": 896589.791, "2008": 882980.599, "2009": 920978.681, "2010": 987697.234, "2011": 1013688.929, "2012": 1225894.175, "2013": 1124835.56, "2014": 1126635.116, "2015": 1334668.003, "2016": 1379270.922, "2017": 1297702.528, "2018": 1471843.031, "2019": 1588532.84, "2020": 1626789.64, "2021": 1579189.987, "2022": 1687064.739, "2023": 1806062.912, "2024": 1869902.146, "2025": 1807338.288 } }, "genCoal": { "name": "Coal electricity generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=CLETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN CLETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 135451.32, "1950": 154519.994, "1951": 185203.657, "1952": 195436.666, "1953": 218846.325, "1954": 239145.966, "1955": 301362.698, "1956": 338503.484, "1957": 346386.207, "1958": 344365.781, "1959": 378424.21, "1960": 403067.357, "1961": 421870.669, "1962": 450249.238, "1963": 493926.719, "1964": 526230.019, "1965": 570925.951, "1966": 613474.8, "1967": 630483.363, "1968": 684904.58, "1969": 706001.24, "1970": 704394.479, "1971": 713102.454, "1972": 771131.265, "1973": 847651.47, "1974": 828432.921, "1975": 852786.222, "1976": 944390.993, "1977": 985218.596, "1978": 975742.083, "1979": 1075037.091, "1980": 1161562.368, "1981": 1203203.232, "1982": 1192004.204, "1983": 1259424.279, "1984": 1341680.752, "1985": 1402128.125, "1986": 1385831.452, "1987": 1463781.289, "1988": 1540652.774, "1989": 1583779.139, "1990": 1594011.479, "1991": 1590622.748, "1992": 1621206.039, "1993": 1690070.232, "1994": 1690693.864, "1995": 1709426.468, "1996": 1795195.593, "1997": 1845015.736, "1998": 1873515.69, "1999": 1881087.224, "2000": 1966264.596, "2001": 1903955.942, "2002": 1933130.354, "2003": 1973736.752, "2004": 1978300.549, "2005": 2012873.046, "2006": 1990511.135, "2007": 2016455.584, "2008": 1985801.247, "2009": 1755904.253, "2010": 1847290.279, "2011": 1733430.005, "2012": 1514042.945, "2013": 1581114.716, "2014": 1581710.35, "2015": 1352398.197, "2016": 1239148.654, "2017": 1205835.276, "2018": 1149487.339, "2019": 964956.812, "2020": 773392.897, "2021": 897998.76, "2022": 831511.612, "2023": 675115.277, "2024": 652155.921, "2025": 737150.711 } }, "genNuclear": { "name": "Nuclear electricity generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=NUETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN NUETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 0, "1950": 0, "1951": 0, "1952": 0, "1953": 0, "1954": 0, "1955": 0, "1956": 0, "1957": 9.67, "1958": 164.691, "1959": 188.101, "1960": 518.182, "1961": 1692.149, "1962": 2269.685, "1963": 3211.836, "1964": 3342.743, "1965": 3656.699, "1966": 5519.909, "1967": 7655.214, "1968": 12528.419, "1969": 13927.839, "1970": 21804.448, "1971": 38104.545, "1972": 54091.135, "1973": 83479.463, "1974": 113975.74, "1975": 172505.075, "1976": 191103.531, "1977": 250883.283, "1978": 276403.07, "1979": 255154.623, "1980": 251115.575, "1981": 272673.503, "1982": 282773.248, "1983": 293677.119, "1984": 327633.549, "1985": 383690.727, "1986": 414038.063, "1987": 455270.382, "1988": 526973.047, "1989": 529354.717, "1990": 576861.678, "1991": 612565.087, "1992": 618776.263, "1993": 610291.214, "1994": 640439.832, "1995": 673402.123, "1996": 674728.546, "1997": 628644.171, "1998": 673702.104, "1999": 728254.124, "2000": 753892.94, "2001": 768826.308, "2002": 780064.087, "2003": 763732.695, "2004": 788528.387, "2005": 781986.365, "2006": 787218.636, "2007": 806424.753, "2008": 806208.435, "2009": 798854.585, "2010": 806968.301, "2011": 790204.367, "2012": 769331.249, "2013": 789016.473, "2014": 797165.982, "2015": 797177.877, "2016": 805693.948, "2017": 804949.635, "2018": 807084.477, "2019": 809409.262, "2020": 789878.863, "2021": 779644.595, "2022": 771537.176, "2023": 774873.169, "2024": 781865.31, "2025": 784780.718 } }, "genHydro": { "name": "Hydroelectric generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=HVETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN HVETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 94772.992, "1950": 100884.575, "1951": 104376.12, "1952": 109708.251, "1953": 109617.396, "1954": 111639.772, "1955": 116235.946, "1956": 125236.621, "1957": 133357.93, "1958": 143614.545, "1959": 141154.533, "1960": 149440.035, "1961": 155536.444, "1962": 172015.646, "1963": 168990.14, "1964": 180301.506, "1965": 196984.345, "1966": 197937.538, "1967": 224948.605, "1968": 225873.158, "1969": 253468.237, "1970": 250957.442, "1971": 269531.459, "1972": 275928.828, "1973": 275430.574, "1974": 304211.805, "1975": 303152.673, "1976": 286924.238, "1977": 223598.687, "1978": 283465.224, "1979": 283075.976, "1980": 279182.09, "1981": 263844.664, "1982": 312374.013, "1983": 335290.855, "1984": 324311.365, "1985": 284310.538, "1986": 294005.219, "1987": 252856.093, "1988": 226100.803, "1989": 271976.936, "1990": 292865.846, "1991": 288994.189, "1992": 253088.003, "1993": 280494.008, "1994": 260125.733, "1995": 310832.748, "1996": 347162.063, "1997": 356453.295, "1998": 323335.661, "1999": 319536.029, "2000": 275572.597, "2001": 216961.045, "2002": 264328.831, "2003": 275806.323, "2004": 268417.308, "2005": 270321.255, "2006": 289246.416, "2007": 247509.974, "2008": 254831.385, "2009": 273445.094, "2010": 260203.069, "2011": 319354.904, "2012": 276240.219, "2013": 268565.383, "2014": 259366.622, "2015": 249080.085, "2016": 267812.153, "2017": 300332.93, "2018": 292523.989, "2019": 287873.731, "2020": 285273.895, "2021": 251584.842, "2022": 254788.667, "2023": 245002.338, "2024": 242896.054, "2025": 247023.21 } }, "genWind": { "name": "Wind electricity generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1983, "last": 2025, "points": 43 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=WYETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN WYETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Wind series begins in 1983; earlier observations excluded. Breaks: Wind series begins in 1983; earlier observations excluded.", "data": { "1983": 2.668, "1984": 6.49, "1985": 5.762, "1986": 4.189, "1987": 3.541, "1988": 0.871, "1989": 2112.043, "1990": 2788.6, "1991": 2950.951, "1992": 2887.523, "1993": 3005.827, "1994": 3447.109, "1995": 3164.253, "1996": 3234.069, "1997": 3288.035, "1998": 3025.696, "1999": 4487.998, "2000": 5593.261, "2001": 6737.331, "2002": 10354.28, "2003": 11187.466, "2004": 14143.741, "2005": 17810.549, "2006": 26589.137, "2007": 34449.927, "2008": 55363.1, "2009": 73886.132, "2010": 94652.246, "2011": 120176.599, "2012": 140821.715, "2013": 167839.745, "2014": 181655.282, "2015": 190718.548, "2016": 226992.562, "2017": 254302.695, "2018": 272667.454, "2019": 295882.484, "2020": 337938.049, "2021": 378196.775, "2022": 434297.358, "2023": 421141.335, "2024": 451904.357, "2025": 464390.61 } }, "genSolar": { "name": "Solar electricity generation", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1984, "last": 2025, "points": 42 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=SOETPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN SOETPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Solar begins in 1984; small-scale PV is included from 2014, a coverage break. Breaks: Solar begins in 1984; small-scale PV is included from 2014, a coverage break.", "data": { "1984": 5.248, "1985": 10.63, "1986": 14.032, "1987": 10.497, "1988": 9.094, "1989": 250.601, "1990": 367.087, "1991": 471.765, "1992": 399.64, "1993": 462.452, "1994": 486.622, "1995": 496.821, "1996": 521.205, "1997": 511.168, "1998": 502.473, "1999": 495.082, "2000": 493.375, "2001": 542.755, "2002": 554.831, "2003": 534.001, "2004": 575.155, "2005": 550.294, "2006": 507.706, "2007": 611.793, "2008": 864.315, "2009": 891.179, "2010": 1212.182, "2011": 1817.696, "2012": 4326.675, "2013": 9035.62, "2014": 17691.031, "2015": 24892.904, "2016": 36054.121, "2017": 53286.865, "2018": 63825.315, "2019": 71936.822, "2020": 89198.715, "2021": 115258.248, "2022": 143791.888, "2023": 165530.349, "2024": 219833.913, "2025": 295671.383 } }, "renewables": { "name": "Renewable Share of Energy", "category": "Energy", "unit": "percent of total US energy consumption", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "EIA Monthly Energy Review, Tables 1.1 and 10.1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total renewable energy consumption divided by total primary energy consumption, both as published by EIA. Covers all energy use, not electricity alone, so it sits below the widely-quoted renewable share of the power grid. Includes hydro, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal.", "data": { "1949": 6.1, "1950": 5.7, "1951": 5.3, "1952": 5.2, "1953": 4.9, "1954": 5, "1955": 4.6, "1956": 4.5, "1957": 4.4, "1958": 4.5, "1959": 4.3, "1960": 4.2, "1961": 4.1, "1962": 4.1, "1963": 3.9, "1964": 3.9, "1965": 3.8, "1966": 3.7, "1967": 3.7, "1968": 3.6, "1969": 3.6, "1970": 3.5, "1971": 3.5, "1972": 3.5, "1973": 3.4, "1974": 3.6, "1975": 3.6, "1976": 3.7, "1977": 3.4, "1978": 3.9, "1979": 4, "1980": 4.5, "1981": 4.7, "1982": 5.3, "1983": 5.8, "1984": 5.5, "1985": 5.4, "1986": 5.3, "1987": 4.9, "1988": 4.7, "1989": 5.1, "1990": 4.7, "1991": 4.7, "1992": 4.7, "1993": 4.7, "1994": 4.7, "1995": 4.8, "1996": 4.9, "1997": 4.9, "1998": 4.5, "1999": 4.5, "2000": 4.2, "2001": 3.7, "2002": 3.9, "2003": 4.1, "2004": 4.2, "2005": 4.3, "2006": 4.6, "2007": 4.6, "2008": 5.2, "2009": 5.8, "2010": 6.2, "2011": 6.7, "2012": 6.7, "2013": 7, "2014": 7.1, "2015": 7.2, "2016": 7.6, "2017": 7.9, "2018": 7.7, "2019": 7.9, "2020": 8.2, "2021": 8.2, "2022": 8.7, "2023": 8.9, "2024": 9.2, "2025": 9.2 } }, "capacityTotal": { "name": "Total generating capacity", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GW", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ELGBPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ELGBPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatts. Converted only by the declared unit scale. By-source capacity begins in 1989; total capacity has earlier coverage. Breaks: By-source capacity begins in 1989; total capacity has earlier coverage.", "data": { "1949": 63.4, "1950": 69.2, "1951": 75.5, "1952": 83.2, "1953": 93.3, "1954": 100, "1955": 114.2, "1956": 119.7, "1957": 131.1, "1958": 143.3, "1959": 155.9, "1960": 167.1, "1961": 179, "1962": 192.1, "1963": 209.7, "1964": 223.7, "1965": 234.8, "1966": 247.5, "1967": 266.7, "1968": 284, "1969": 309.8, "1970": 336.4, "1971": 366.4, "1972": 396, "1973": 439.8, "1974": 468.5, "1975": 491.3, "1976": 517.2, "1977": 535.9, "1978": 552.1, "1979": 565.5, "1980": 578.6, "1981": 598.3, "1982": 613.7, "1983": 621.1, "1984": 635.1, "1985": 655.2, "1986": 664.8, "1987": 674.1, "1988": 677.7, "1989": 721.797, "1990": 734.122, "1991": 739.87, "1992": 746.507, "1993": 754.582, "1994": 763.967, "1995": 769.463, "1996": 775.89, "1997": 778.649, "1998": 775.868, "1999": 785.927, "2000": 811.72, "2001": 848.259, "2002": 905.302, "2003": 948.446, "2004": 962.946, "2005": 978.018, "2006": 986.214, "2007": 994.89, "2008": 1010.171, "2009": 1025.4, "2010": 1039.062, "2011": 1051.251, "2012": 1063.033, "2013": 1060.064, "2014": 1068.422, "2015": 1064.055, "2016": 1074.333, "2017": 1084.37, "2018": 1094.74, "2019": 1099.11, "2020": 1115.682, "2021": 1145.857, "2022": 1161.436, "2023": 1187.555, "2024": 1228.843, "2025": 1279.235 } }, "batteryCapacity": { "name": "Battery storage capacity", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GW", "coverage": { "first": 2010, "last": 2025, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=BTGBPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN BTGBPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatts. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Exception: battery storage is a recent instrument; 2010–2025, at least 10 annual points. By-source capacity begins in 1989. Breaks: Exception: battery storage is a recent instrument; 2010–2025, at least 10 annual points. By-source capacity begins in 1989.", "data": { "2010": 0.028, "2011": 0.068, "2012": 0.142, "2013": 0.146, "2014": 0.156, "2015": 0.292, "2016": 0.559, "2017": 0.665, "2018": 0.852, "2019": 1.015, "2020": 1.508, "2021": 4.747, "2022": 8.98, "2023": 15.995, "2024": 27.02, "2025": 42.795 } }, "nuclearReactors": { "name": "Operable nuclear reactors", "category": "Energy", "unit": "reactors", "coverage": { "first": 1957, "last": 2025, "points": 69 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=NUOUPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN NUOUPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Number. Converted only by the declared unit scale. none known; EIA operable reactors differ from NRC operating reactors, and the definitions must not be interchanged. Breaks: none known; EIA operable reactors differ from NRC operating reactors, and the definitions must not be interchanged.", "data": { "1957": 1, "1958": 1, "1959": 2, "1960": 3, "1961": 3, "1962": 9, "1963": 11, "1964": 13, "1965": 13, "1966": 14, "1967": 15, "1968": 13, "1969": 17, "1970": 20, "1971": 22, "1972": 27, "1973": 42, "1974": 55, "1975": 57, "1976": 63, "1977": 67, "1978": 70, "1979": 69, "1980": 71, "1981": 75, "1982": 78, "1983": 81, "1984": 87, "1985": 96, "1986": 101, "1987": 107, "1988": 109, "1989": 111, "1990": 112, "1991": 111, "1992": 109, "1993": 110, "1994": 109, "1995": 109, "1996": 109, "1997": 107, "1998": 104, "1999": 104, "2000": 104, "2001": 104, "2002": 104, "2003": 104, "2004": 104, "2005": 104, "2006": 104, "2007": 104, "2008": 104, "2009": 104, "2010": 104, "2011": 104, "2012": 104, "2013": 100, "2014": 99, "2015": 99, "2016": 99, "2017": 99, "2018": 98, "2019": 96, "2020": 94, "2021": 93, "2022": 92, "2023": 93, "2024": 94, "2025": 94 } }, "nuclearCapacityFactor": { "name": "Nuclear capacity factor", "category": "Energy", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2025, "points": 53 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=NUCASUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN NUCASUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Percent. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1973": 53.5, "1974": 47.8, "1975": 55.9, "1976": 54.7, "1977": 63.3, "1978": 64.5, "1979": 58.4, "1980": 56.3, "1981": 58.2, "1982": 56.6, "1983": 54.4, "1984": 56.3, "1985": 58, "1986": 56.9, "1987": 57.4, "1988": 63.5, "1989": 62.2, "1990": 66, "1991": 70.2, "1992": 70.9, "1993": 70.5, "1994": 73.8, "1995": 77.4, "1996": 76.2, "1997": 71.1, "1998": 78.2, "1999": 85.3, "2000": 88.1, "2001": 89.4, "2002": 90.3, "2003": 87.9, "2004": 90.1, "2005": 89.3, "2006": 89.6, "2007": 91.8, "2008": 91.1, "2009": 90.3, "2010": 91.1, "2011": 89.1, "2012": 86.6, "2013": 90.8, "2014": 91.7, "2015": 92.3, "2016": 92.3, "2017": 92.3, "2018": 92.5, "2019": 93.4, "2020": 92.4, "2021": 92.8, "2022": 92.7, "2023": 93, "2024": 90.8, "2025": 91 } }, "salesResidential": { "name": "Residential electricity sales", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ESRCPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ESRCPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 66791.968, "1950": 72200.34, "1951": 83092.821, "1952": 93544.873, "1953": 104146.29, "1954": 116228.286, "1955": 128400.614, "1956": 143476.453, "1957": 156723.271, "1958": 169492.241, "1959": 184544.088, "1960": 201463.381, "1961": 214444.853, "1962": 232801.889, "1963": 250752.651, "1964": 271842.079, "1965": 291012.652, "1966": 316888.36, "1967": 340113.936, "1968": 381569.847, "1969": 426736.084, "1970": 466290.588, "1971": 499531.999, "1972": 538609.184, "1973": 579231.374, "1974": 578183.693, "1975": 588140.393, "1976": 606452.082, "1977": 645238.971, "1978": 674466, "1979": 682819, "1980": 717495, "1981": 722265.024, "1982": 729519.768, "1983": 750948.242, "1984": 780091.66, "1985": 793933.848, "1986": 819088.315, "1987": 850410.251, "1988": 892866.141, "1989": 905524.634, "1990": 924018.699, "1991": 955417.35, "1992": 935938.788, "1993": 994780.818, "1994": 1008481.682, "1995": 1042501.471, "1996": 1082511.75, "1997": 1075880.095, "1998": 1130109.12, "1999": 1144923.068, "2000": 1192446.491, "2001": 1201606.593, "2002": 1265179.869, "2003": 1275823.91, "2004": 1291981.578, "2005": 1359227.107, "2006": 1351520.036, "2007": 1392240.996, "2008": 1380661.745, "2009": 1364758.153, "2010": 1445708.403, "2011": 1422801.093, "2012": 1374514.708, "2013": 1394812.129, "2014": 1407208.311, "2015": 1404096.499, "2016": 1411058.153, "2017": 1378647.742, "2018": 1469093.059, "2019": 1440288.909, "2020": 1464605.046, "2021": 1470486.882, "2022": 1509233.162, "2023": 1450025.184, "2024": 1482873.586, "2025": 1514993.23 } }, "salesCommercial": { "name": "Commercial electricity sales", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ESCCPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ESCCPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 58647.204, "1950": 65971.215, "1951": 73962.588, "1952": 80095.756, "1953": 87024.49, "1954": 93594.893, "1955": 102547.316, "1956": 111423.632, "1957": 120363.169, "1958": 127566.18, "1959": 142983.473, "1960": 159143.787, "1961": 167655.999, "1962": 181964.471, "1963": 201513.284, "1964": 216233.909, "1965": 231126.287, "1966": 251826.893, "1967": 271154.289, "1968": 297174.471, "1969": 324657.857, "1970": 352040.593, "1971": 377493.933, "1972": 412534.052, "1973": 444505.477, "1974": 440015.803, "1975": 468296.099, "1976": 491776.96, "1977": 514028.686, "1978": 531439.15, "1979": 543411.819, "1980": 558642.792, "1981": 595908.404, "1982": 608747.984, "1983": 620292.095, "1984": 663679.536, "1985": 689121.387, "1986": 714721.226, "1987": 744066.688, "1988": 784029.281, "1989": 810855.918, "1990": 838263.106, "1991": 855243.856, "1992": 850006.922, "1993": 884746.34, "1994": 913105.691, "1995": 953117.248, "1996": 980061.119, "1997": 1026626.105, "1998": 1077956.919, "1999": 1103821.21, "2000": 1159346.64, "2001": 1190517.876, "2002": 1204531.313, "2003": 1198727.601, "2004": 1230424.731, "2005": 1275079.02, "2006": 1299743.695, "2007": 1336315.196, "2008": 1336133.485, "2009": 1306852.524, "2010": 1330199.364, "2011": 1328057.439, "2012": 1327101.196, "2013": 1337078.777, "2014": 1352158.263, "2015": 1360751.527, "2016": 1367191.386, "2017": 1352887.694, "2018": 1381754.845, "2019": 1360876.555, "2020": 1287439.583, "2021": 1328439.498, "2022": 1390872.813, "2023": 1408108.755, "2024": 1450941.216, "2025": 1493486.094 } }, "salesIndustrial": { "name": "Industrial electricity sales", "category": "Energy", "unit": "GWh", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ESICPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ESICPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Kilowatthours. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 122590.923, "1950": 146478.732, "1951": 166168.06, "1952": 176127.494, "1953": 198618.114, "1954": 208464.736, "1955": 259974.388, "1956": 285947.447, "1957": 293989.661, "1958": 286549.905, "1959": 315134.503, "1960": 324401.907, "1961": 336825.958, "1962": 359853.731, "1963": 377429.639, "1964": 405049.062, "1965": 428727.266, "1966": 463603.406, "1967": 485015.199, "1968": 521132.904, "1969": 559385.27, "1970": 570854.195, "1971": 589447.99, "1972": 640977.918, "1973": 686085.18, "1974": 684875.074, "1975": 687679.652, "1976": 754068.873, "1977": 786037.126, "1978": 809078, "1979": 841903, "1980": 815067, "1981": 825743.449, "1982": 744949.124, "1983": 775999.288, "1984": 837836.126, "1985": 836771.997, "1986": 830530.503, "1987": 858232.919, "1988": 896498.117, "1989": 925658.669, "1990": 945521.695, "1991": 946583.391, "1992": 972713.99, "1993": 977164.25, "1994": 1007981.245, "1995": 1012693.35, "1996": 1033631.378, "1997": 1038196.892, "1998": 1051203.114, "1999": 1058216.608, "2000": 1064239.394, "2001": 996609.31, "2002": 990237.631, "2003": 1012373.247, "2004": 1017849.532, "2005": 1019156.065, "2006": 1011297.566, "2007": 1027831.925, "2008": 1009516.178, "2009": 917416.468, "2010": 971221.189, "2011": 991315.564, "2012": 985713.854, "2013": 985351.874, "2014": 997576.138, "2015": 986507.732, "2016": 976715.181, "2017": 984297.945, "2018": 1000672.553, "2019": 1002352.849, "2020": 959082.028, "2021": 1000613.49, "2022": 1020463.986, "2023": 1009255.634, "2024": 1034584.19, "2025": 1042216.915 } }, "energyIndependence": { "name": "Energy production/consumption", "category": "Energy", "unit": "ratio", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from U.S. Energy Information Administration annual series", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=TEPRBUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=TETCBUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "TEPRBUS divided by TETCBUS; matched calendar years only. Numerator Trillion Btu; denominator Trillion Btu; unit conversion factor 1. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 0.991793, "1950": 1.027809, "1951": 1.049794, "1952": 1.03308, "1953": 1.014459, "1954": 0.996991, "1955": 0.998789, "1956": 1.021659, "1957": 1.029829, "1958": 0.963287, "1959": 0.964884, "1960": 0.948759, "1961": 0.945468, "1962": 0.937237, "1963": 0.949593, "1964": 0.945978, "1965": 0.937051, "1966": 0.938051, "1967": 0.955546, "1968": 0.93073, "1969": 0.920141, "1970": 0.934046, "1971": 0.902387, "1972": 0.875717, "1973": 0.835534, "1974": 0.838088, "1975": 0.847436, "1976": 0.804953, "1977": 0.791026, "1978": 0.783787, "1979": 0.810184, "1980": 0.856986, "1981": 0.876648, "1982": 0.907933, "1983": 0.874462, "1984": 0.89532, "1985": 0.883223, "1986": 0.87149, "1987": 0.850937, "1988": 0.830058, "1989": 0.81314, "1990": 0.832652, "1991": 0.828992, "1992": 0.811412, "1993": 0.777052, "1994": 0.78978, "1995": 0.776677, "1996": 0.764787, "1997": 0.759811, "1998": 0.761411, "1999": 0.736194, "2000": 0.716303, "2001": 0.741692, "2002": 0.718732, "2003": 0.708265, "2004": 0.695686, "2005": 0.686806, "2006": 0.704695, "2007": 0.701356, "2008": 0.735026, "2009": 0.766983, "2010": 0.762402, "2011": 0.800309, "2012": 0.834956, "2013": 0.838006, "2014": 0.889203, "2015": 0.903391, "2016": 0.861503, "2017": 0.899032, "2018": 0.944164, "2019": 1.010432, "2020": 1.033942, "2021": 1.006093, "2022": 1.039978, "2023": 1.095674, "2024": 1.095077, "2025": 1.111143 } }, "energyPerCapita": { "name": "Energy consumption per capita", "category": "Energy", "unit": "million Btu/person", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=TETPRUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN TETPRUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Million Btu. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 207, "1950": 220, "1951": 232, "1952": 226, "1953": 228, "1954": 219, "1955": 236, "1956": 241, "1957": 237, "1958": 232, "1959": 238, "1960": 243, "1961": 243, "1962": 250, "1963": 256, "1964": 263, "1965": 271, "1966": 283, "1967": 288, "1968": 303, "1969": 315, "1970": 322, "1971": 324, "1972": 337, "1973": 348, "1974": 336, "1975": 323, "1976": 339, "1977": 347, "1978": 350, "1979": 350, "1980": 335, "1981": 323, "1982": 306, "1983": 302, "1984": 315, "1985": 312, "1986": 310, "1987": 318, "1988": 331, "1989": 335, "1990": 330, "1991": 325, "1992": 327, "1993": 328, "1994": 331, "1995": 333, "1996": 339, "1997": 337, "1998": 336, "1999": 338, "2000": 343, "2001": 331, "2002": 332, "2003": 330, "2004": 335, "2005": 332, "2006": 326, "2007": 329, "2008": 318, "2009": 299, "2010": 308, "2011": 302, "2012": 292, "2013": 298, "2014": 300, "2015": 295, "2016": 291, "2017": 289, "2018": 298, "2019": 294, "2020": 268, "2021": 281, "2022": 284, "2023": 278, "2024": 278, "2025": 282 } }, "energyIntensity": { "name": "Energy intensity", "category": "Energy", "unit": "thousand Btu/real dollar", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=TETGRUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN TETGRUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Thousand Btu per Chained (2017) Dollar. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 13.65, "1950": 13.64, "1951": 13.51, "1952": 12.89, "1953": 12.65, "1954": 12.38, "1955": 12.72, "1956": 12.93, "1957": 12.66, "1958": 12.69, "1959": 12.41, "1960": 12.55, "1961": 12.41, "1962": 12.22, "1963": 12.17, "1964": 12, "1965": 11.74, "1966": 11.64, "1967": 11.68, "1968": 11.82, "1969": 12.02, "1970": 12.42, "1971": 12.26, "1972": 12.24, "1973": 12.07, "1974": 11.82, "1975": 11.51, "1976": 11.57, "1977": 11.42, "1978": 11.05, "1979": 10.83, "1980": 10.48, "1981": 9.97, "1982": 9.69, "1983": 9.22, "1984": 9.06, "1985": 8.7, "1986": 8.43, "1987": 8.44, "1988": 8.51, "1989": 8.38, "1990": 8.18, "1991": 8.19, "1992": 8.06, "1993": 7.97, "1994": 7.83, "1995": 7.77, "1996": 7.72, "1997": 7.43, "1998": 7.16, "1999": 6.96, "2000": 6.86, "2001": 6.63, "2002": 6.6, "2003": 6.44, "2004": 6.35, "2005": 6.14, "2006": 5.92, "2007": 5.9, "2008": 5.76, "2009": 5.6, "2010": 5.67, "2011": 5.51, "2012": 5.26, "2013": 5.29, "2014": 5.22, "2015": 5.03, "2016": 4.92, "2017": 4.79, "2018": 4.82, "2019": 4.66, "2020": 4.38, "2021": 4.34, "2022": 4.3, "2023": 4.13, "2024": 4.05, "2025": 4.04 } }, "vehicleMiles": { "name": "Vehicle miles traveled", "category": "Energy", "unit": "million vehicle miles", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2023, "points": 44 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2023", "sourceUrl": "https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2023/xls/vm202.xls", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "VM-202 all-motor-vehicles total, million vehicle miles; years 1980–2023 from one workbook edition. Grand-total column identified uniquely by the 2023 sample of 3,246,817 (±1) and held fixed across years. 2007–09 HPMS resubmission is a break. Highway Statistics 2023 is the latest edition FHWA has published (the 2024 workbook does not exist yet), so the series ends at 2023 and extends with the next edition. Breaks: 2007–09 HPMS resubmission is a break. Highway Statistics 2023 is the latest edition FHWA has published (the 2024 workbook does not exist yet), so the series ends at 2023 and extends with the next edition.", "data": { "1980": 1527295, "1981": 1555308, "1982": 1595010, "1983": 1652788, "1984": 1720269, "1985": 1774826, "1986": 1834872, "1987": 1921204, "1988": 2025962, "1989": 2096487, "1990": 2144362, "1991": 2172050, "1992": 2247151, "1993": 2296378, "1994": 2357588, "1995": 2422823, "1996": 2484080, "1997": 2552233, "1998": 2628148, "1999": 2690241, "2000": 2746925, "2001": 2795610, "2002": 2855508, "2003": 2890221, "2004": 2964788, "2005": 2989430, "2006": 3014371, "2007": 3031124, "2008": 2976528, "2009": 2956763.51799887, "2010": 2967265.966571719, "2011": 2946131.2727338807, "2012": 2968814.900789249, "2013": 2988280.190184303, "2014": 3025655.7268996313, "2015": 3095372.7010209654, "2016": 3174407.9579340047, "2017": 3212347.311338829, "2018": 3240326.5426354, "2019": 3261771.662841316, "2020": 2903621.5263800006, "2021": 3132411.4989900007, "2022": 3196191.3964400003, "2023": 3246817.01765 } }, "heatingDegreeDays": { "name": "Heating degree days", "category": "Energy", "unit": "degree days", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ZWHDPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ZWHDPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Number. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Population weights re-based after each decennial census (most recently 2020); weight changes affect comparability. Breaks: Population weights re-based after each decennial census (most recently 2020); weight changes affect comparability.", "data": { "1949": 4933, "1950": 5362, "1951": 5310, "1952": 5082, "1953": 4747, "1954": 4961, "1955": 5242, "1956": 5124, "1957": 5043, "1958": 5463, "1959": 5091, "1960": 5400, "1961": 5190, "1962": 5340, "1963": 5357, "1964": 5082, "1965": 5143, "1966": 5305, "1967": 5211, "1968": 5243, "1969": 5299, "1970": 5214, "1971": 5068, "1972": 5247, "1973": 4760, "1974": 4877, "1975": 4900, "1976": 5177, "1977": 5012, "1978": 5379, "1979": 5164, "1980": 5075, "1981": 4849, "1982": 4934, "1983": 4904, "1984": 4772, "1985": 4886, "1986": 4517, "1987": 4530, "1988": 4839, "1989": 4892, "1990": 4178, "1991": 4345, "1992": 4582, "1993": 4835, "1994": 4607, "1995": 4637, "1996": 4799, "1997": 4626, "1998": 4049, "1999": 4230, "2000": 4491, "2001": 4254, "2002": 4354, "2003": 4542, "2004": 4342, "2005": 4346, "2006": 4038, "2007": 4266, "2008": 4492, "2009": 4478, "2010": 4461, "2011": 4312, "2012": 3771, "2013": 4470, "2014": 4558, "2015": 4094, "2016": 3887, "2017": 3838, "2018": 4291, "2019": 4317, "2020": 3914, "2021": 3934, "2022": 4243, "2023": 3802, "2024": 3692, "2025": 4021 } }, "coolingDegreeDays": { "name": "Cooling degree days", "category": "Energy", "unit": "degree days", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ZWCDPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN ZWCDPUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Number. Converted only by the declared unit scale. Population weights re-based after each decennial census (most recently 2020); weight changes affect comparability. Breaks: Population weights re-based after each decennial census (most recently 2020); weight changes affect comparability.", "data": { "1949": 1103, "1950": 873, "1951": 975, "1952": 1111, "1953": 1108, "1954": 1088, "1955": 1145, "1956": 1000, "1957": 1019, "1958": 965, "1959": 1144, "1960": 1002, "1961": 982, "1962": 996, "1963": 1015, "1964": 1011, "1965": 981, "1966": 984, "1967": 904, "1968": 979, "1969": 1022, "1970": 1082, "1971": 1038, "1972": 991, "1973": 1108, "1974": 983, "1975": 1052, "1976": 923, "1977": 1172, "1978": 1114, "1979": 1005, "1980": 1216, "1981": 1109, "1982": 1048, "1983": 1179, "1984": 1141, "1985": 1122, "1986": 1182, "1987": 1209, "1988": 1233, "1989": 1103, "1990": 1201, "1991": 1282, "1992": 1001, "1993": 1169, "1994": 1185, "1995": 1262, "1996": 1162, "1997": 1134, "1998": 1391, "1999": 1283, "2000": 1233, "2001": 1256, "2002": 1365, "2003": 1269, "2004": 1218, "2005": 1390, "2006": 1361, "2007": 1393, "2008": 1284, "2009": 1242, "2010": 1457, "2011": 1470, "2012": 1494, "2013": 1304, "2014": 1295, "2015": 1484, "2016": 1554, "2017": 1423, "2018": 1579, "2019": 1495, "2020": 1519, "2021": 1492, "2022": 1557, "2023": 1480, "2024": 1633, "2025": 1540 } }, "co2Concentration": { "name": "Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "ppm", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2025, "points": 67 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory", "sourceUrl": "https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Published annual mean, annual growth, or AGGI column; uncertainty columns are not observations. Maunakea measurements substituted during 2022–23 after the Mauna Loa eruption. Breaks: Maunakea measurements substituted during 2022–23 after the Mauna Loa eruption.", "data": { "1959": 315.98, "1960": 316.91, "1961": 317.64, "1962": 318.45, "1963": 318.99, "1964": 319.62, "1965": 320.04, "1966": 321.37, "1967": 322.18, "1968": 323.05, "1969": 324.62, "1970": 325.68, "1971": 326.32, "1972": 327.46, "1973": 329.68, "1974": 330.19, "1975": 331.13, "1976": 332.03, "1977": 333.84, "1978": 335.41, "1979": 336.84, "1980": 338.76, "1981": 340.12, "1982": 341.48, "1983": 343.15, "1984": 344.87, "1985": 346.35, "1986": 347.61, "1987": 349.31, "1988": 351.69, "1989": 353.2, "1990": 354.45, "1991": 355.7, "1992": 356.54, "1993": 357.21, "1994": 358.96, "1995": 360.97, "1996": 362.74, "1997": 363.88, "1998": 366.84, "1999": 368.54, "2000": 369.71, "2001": 371.32, "2002": 373.45, "2003": 375.98, "2004": 377.7, "2005": 379.98, "2006": 382.09, "2007": 384.02, "2008": 385.83, "2009": 387.64, "2010": 390.1, "2011": 391.85, "2012": 394.06, "2013": 396.74, "2014": 398.81, "2015": 401.01, "2016": 404.41, "2017": 406.76, "2018": 408.72, "2019": 411.65, "2020": 414.21, "2021": 416.41, "2022": 418.53, "2023": 421.08, "2024": 424.61, "2025": 427.35 } }, "co2Growth": { "name": "Global atmospheric CO2 growth", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "ppm/year", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2025, "points": 67 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory", "sourceUrl": "https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_gr_gl.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Published annual mean, annual growth, or AGGI column; uncertainty columns are not observations. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1959": 0.96, "1960": 0.71, "1961": 0.78, "1962": 0.56, "1963": 0.57, "1964": 0.49, "1965": 1.1, "1966": 1.1, "1967": 0.61, "1968": 0.99, "1969": 1.32, "1970": 1.13, "1971": 0.73, "1972": 1.47, "1973": 1.46, "1974": 0.68, "1975": 1.23, "1976": 0.97, "1977": 1.92, "1978": 1.29, "1979": 2.14, "1980": 1.67, "1981": 1.15, "1982": 1, "1983": 1.84, "1984": 1.23, "1985": 1.65, "1986": 1.01, "1987": 2.66, "1988": 2.17, "1989": 1.47, "1990": 1.22, "1991": 0.75, "1992": 0.71, "1993": 1.24, "1994": 1.66, "1995": 2, "1996": 1.05, "1997": 1.98, "1998": 2.84, "1999": 1.33, "2000": 1.25, "2001": 1.85, "2002": 2.36, "2003": 2.28, "2004": 1.56, "2005": 2.47, "2006": 1.77, "2007": 2.13, "2008": 1.78, "2009": 1.58, "2010": 2.36, "2011": 1.73, "2012": 2.42, "2013": 2.45, "2014": 2.03, "2015": 2.95, "2016": 2.83, "2017": 2.14, "2018": 2.39, "2019": 2.5, "2020": 2.33, "2021": 2.38, "2022": 2.24, "2023": 2.7, "2024": 3.76, "2025": 2.06 } }, "methaneConcentration": { "name": "Global atmospheric methane", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "ppb", "coverage": { "first": 1984, "last": 2025, "points": 42 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory", "sourceUrl": "https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/ch4/ch4_annmean_gl.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Published annual mean, annual growth, or AGGI column; uncertainty columns are not observations. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1984": 1644.84, "1985": 1657.3, "1986": 1670.09, "1987": 1682.71, "1988": 1693.19, "1989": 1704.55, "1990": 1714.43, "1991": 1724.79, "1992": 1735.47, "1993": 1736.48, "1994": 1742.08, "1995": 1748.88, "1996": 1751.3, "1997": 1754.51, "1998": 1765.57, "1999": 1772.3, "2000": 1773.22, "2001": 1771.29, "2002": 1772.68, "2003": 1777.33, "2004": 1777.13, "2005": 1774.23, "2006": 1774.93, "2007": 1781.31, "2008": 1787.01, "2009": 1793.51, "2010": 1798.93, "2011": 1803.03, "2012": 1808.07, "2013": 1813.42, "2014": 1822.58, "2015": 1834.19, "2016": 1843.18, "2017": 1849.62, "2018": 1857.33, "2019": 1866.59, "2020": 1878.72, "2021": 1894.79, "2022": 1910.95, "2023": 1921.4, "2024": 1929.41, "2025": 1935.94 } }, "greenhouseGasIndex": { "name": "Annual Greenhouse Gas Index", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "1990 = 1", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2024, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory", "sourceUrl": "https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/AGGI_Table.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Published annual mean, annual growth, or AGGI column; uncertainty columns are not observations. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1979": 0.78, "1980": 0.803, "1981": 0.822, "1982": 0.837, "1983": 0.856, "1984": 0.875, "1985": 0.894, "1986": 0.914, "1987": 0.934, "1988": 0.962, "1989": 0.983, "1990": 1, "1991": 1.016, "1992": 1.028, "1993": 1.035, "1994": 1.049, "1995": 1.064, "1996": 1.078, "1997": 1.089, "1998": 1.111, "1999": 1.128, "2000": 1.138, "2001": 1.15, "2002": 1.166, "2003": 1.184, "2004": 1.197, "2005": 1.212, "2006": 1.228, "2007": 1.241, "2008": 1.258, "2009": 1.27, "2010": 1.287, "2011": 1.301, "2012": 1.316, "2013": 1.336, "2014": 1.352, "2015": 1.37, "2016": 1.394, "2017": 1.41, "2018": 1.428, "2019": 1.446, "2020": 1.463, "2021": 1.481, "2022": 1.499, "2023": 1.516, "2024": 1.538 } }, "co2": { "name": "CO2 Emissions", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "million metric tons per year", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "EIA Monthly Energy Review, Table 11.1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#environment", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, all fuels and all sectors. Energy emissions only — agriculture, industrial process, and land-use emissions are not counted.", "data": { "1949": 2207, "1950": 2382, "1951": 2527, "1952": 2473, "1953": 2537, "1954": 2422, "1955": 2685, "1956": 2777, "1957": 2757, "1958": 2703, "1959": 2807, "1960": 2914, "1961": 2943, "1962": 3065, "1963": 3185, "1964": 3317, "1965": 3462, "1966": 3654, "1967": 3749, "1968": 3965, "1969": 4135, "1970": 4261, "1971": 4312, "1972": 4532, "1973": 4721, "1974": 4561, "1975": 4428, "1976": 4695, "1977": 4835, "1978": 4884, "1979": 4950, "1980": 4757, "1981": 4637, "1982": 4405, "1983": 4384, "1984": 4613, "1985": 4606, "1986": 4616, "1987": 4776, "1988": 4999, "1989": 5085, "1990": 5038, "1991": 4993, "1992": 5094, "1993": 5186, "1994": 5263, "1995": 5325, "1996": 5518, "1997": 5590, "1998": 5637, "1999": 5700, "2000": 5889, "2001": 5778, "2002": 5820, "2003": 5887, "2004": 5994, "2005": 6008, "2006": 5930, "2007": 6015, "2008": 5823, "2009": 5404, "2010": 5594, "2011": 5455, "2012": 5236, "2013": 5359, "2014": 5414, "2015": 5262, "2016": 5169, "2017": 5131, "2018": 5278, "2019": 5147, "2020": 4585, "2021": 4906, "2022": 4945, "2023": 4799, "2024": 4789, "2025": 4904 } }, "co2PerCapita": { "name": "Energy CO2 per capita", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "metric tons/person", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=CDTPRUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "MSN CDTPRUS; publisher annual row (MER YYYY13). Original unit: Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide. Converted only by the declared unit scale. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1949": 14.8, "1950": 15.6, "1951": 16.3, "1952": 15.7, "1953": 15.8, "1954": 14.9, "1955": 16.2, "1956": 16.4, "1957": 16, "1958": 15.5, "1959": 15.8, "1960": 16.1, "1961": 16, "1962": 16.4, "1963": 16.8, "1964": 17.3, "1965": 17.8, "1966": 18.6, "1967": 18.9, "1968": 19.8, "1969": 20.4, "1970": 20.8, "1971": 20.8, "1972": 21.6, "1973": 22.3, "1974": 21.3, "1975": 20.5, "1976": 21.5, "1977": 22, "1978": 21.9, "1979": 22, "1980": 20.9, "1981": 20.2, "1982": 19, "1983": 18.8, "1984": 19.6, "1985": 19.4, "1986": 19.2, "1987": 19.7, "1988": 20.4, "1989": 20.6, "1990": 20.2, "1991": 19.7, "1992": 19.9, "1993": 20, "1994": 20, "1995": 20, "1996": 20.5, "1997": 20.5, "1998": 20.4, "1999": 20.4, "2000": 20.9, "2001": 20.3, "2002": 20.2, "2003": 20.3, "2004": 20.5, "2005": 20.3, "2006": 19.9, "2007": 20, "2008": 19.1, "2009": 17.6, "2010": 18.1, "2011": 17.5, "2012": 16.7, "2013": 17, "2014": 17, "2015": 16.4, "2016": 16, "2017": 15.8, "2018": 16.2, "2019": 15.7, "2020": 13.8, "2021": 14.8, "2022": 14.8, "2023": 14.2, "2024": 14.1, "2025": 14.3 } }, "electricityCo2Intensity": { "name": "Electricity CO2 intensity", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "metric tons/MWh", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2025, "points": 53 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from U.S. Energy Information Administration annual series", "sourceUrl": "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=TXEIEUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.eia.gov/v2/total-energy/data/?frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=value&facets%5Bmsn%5D%5B%5D=ELEGPUS&length=5000&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "TXEIEUS divided by ELEGPUS; matched calendar years only. Numerator Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide; denominator Million Kilowatthours; unit conversion factor 1000. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1973": 0.691236, "1974": 0.670038, "1975": 0.649177, "1976": 0.663715, "1977": 0.679146, "1978": 0.656255, "1979": 0.671467, "1980": 0.67836, "1981": 0.679765, "1982": 0.664847, "1983": 0.662391, "1984": 0.662049, "1985": 0.660499, "1986": 0.653136, "1987": 0.657961, "1988": 0.653755, "1989": 0.644591, "1990": 0.629289, "1991": 0.621544, "1992": 0.626699, "1993": 0.629049, "1994": 0.628017, "1995": 0.612759, "1996": 0.618154, "1997": 0.630086, "1998": 0.632397, "1999": 0.623103, "2000": 0.633962, "2001": 0.633599, "2002": 0.617773, "2003": 0.622198, "2004": 0.615998, "2005": 0.617991, "2006": 0.60289, "2007": 0.604695, "2008": 0.596583, "2009": 0.566056, "2010": 0.571461, "2011": 0.549539, "2012": 0.523003, "2013": 0.524965, "2014": 0.520293, "2015": 0.487666, "2016": 0.464406, "2017": 0.449284, "2018": 0.438843, "2019": 0.407616, "2020": 0.376267, "2021": 0.392337, "2022": 0.377654, "2023": 0.352919, "2024": 0.343413, "2025": 0.34744 } }, "globalTemperature": { "name": "Global land/ocean temperature anomaly", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "°C vs 1901–2000", "coverage": { "first": 1850, "last": 2025, "points": 176 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA NCEI Climate at a Glance", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/time-series/globe/land_ocean/12/12/1850-2025.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "12-month period ending December; global land and ocean surface temperature anomaly against the 1901–2000 average. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1850": -0.15, "1851": -0.06, "1852": -0.02, "1853": -0.07, "1854": -0.05, "1855": -0.08, "1856": -0.13, "1857": -0.19, "1858": -0.14, "1859": -0.07, "1860": -0.2, "1861": -0.25, "1862": -0.32, "1863": -0.25, "1864": -0.23, "1865": -0.04, "1866": -0.12, "1867": -0.21, "1868": -0.13, "1869": -0.08, "1870": -0.18, "1871": -0.17, "1872": -0.16, "1873": -0.17, "1874": -0.23, "1875": -0.21, "1876": -0.23, "1877": 0.08, "1878": 0.1, "1879": -0.17, "1880": -0.19, "1881": -0.1, "1882": -0.18, "1883": -0.18, "1884": -0.28, "1885": -0.23, "1886": -0.27, "1887": -0.35, "1888": -0.13, "1889": -0.06, "1890": -0.32, "1891": -0.24, "1892": -0.32, "1893": -0.33, "1894": -0.33, "1895": -0.23, "1896": -0.13, "1897": -0.12, "1898": -0.26, "1899": -0.16, "1900": -0.08, "1901": -0.12, "1902": -0.22, "1903": -0.33, "1904": -0.39, "1905": -0.27, "1906": -0.18, "1907": -0.35, "1908": -0.39, "1909": -0.38, "1910": -0.35, "1911": -0.37, "1912": -0.3, "1913": -0.28, "1914": -0.12, "1915": -0.07, "1916": -0.29, "1917": -0.42, "1918": -0.33, "1919": -0.2, "1920": -0.18, "1921": -0.15, "1922": -0.23, "1923": -0.22, "1924": -0.21, "1925": -0.19, "1926": -0.07, "1927": -0.17, "1928": -0.15, "1929": -0.3, "1930": -0.1, "1931": -0.05, "1932": -0.11, "1933": -0.24, "1934": -0.1, "1935": -0.13, "1936": -0.09, "1937": 0, "1938": 0.01, "1939": 0.02, "1940": 0.16, "1941": 0.21, "1942": 0.08, "1943": 0.09, "1944": 0.21, "1945": 0.13, "1946": 0, "1947": 0, "1948": -0.04, "1949": -0.04, "1950": -0.13, "1951": -0.02, "1952": 0.04, "1953": 0.1, "1954": -0.08, "1955": -0.13, "1956": -0.17, "1957": 0.06, "1958": 0.09, "1959": 0.08, "1960": -0.01, "1961": 0.08, "1962": 0.04, "1963": 0.06, "1964": -0.18, "1965": -0.08, "1966": -0.04, "1967": -0.01, "1968": -0.05, "1969": 0.09, "1970": 0.04, "1971": -0.08, "1972": 0.05, "1973": 0.17, "1974": -0.05, "1975": -0.01, "1976": -0.06, "1977": 0.2, "1978": 0.11, "1979": 0.19, "1980": 0.29, "1981": 0.33, "1982": 0.15, "1983": 0.32, "1984": 0.17, "1985": 0.14, "1986": 0.22, "1987": 0.33, "1988": 0.38, "1989": 0.26, "1990": 0.42, "1991": 0.4, "1992": 0.23, "1993": 0.26, "1994": 0.32, "1995": 0.46, "1996": 0.34, "1997": 0.48, "1998": 0.61, "1999": 0.4, "2000": 0.4, "2001": 0.53, "2002": 0.59, "2003": 0.6, "2004": 0.53, "2005": 0.66, "2006": 0.63, "2007": 0.62, "2008": 0.52, "2009": 0.65, "2010": 0.71, "2011": 0.6, "2012": 0.63, "2013": 0.66, "2014": 0.73, "2015": 0.88, "2016": 1, "2017": 0.93, "2018": 0.86, "2019": 0.99, "2020": 1.01, "2021": 0.86, "2022": 0.89, "2023": 1.17, "2024": 1.25, "2025": 1.12 } }, "temperature": { "name": "US Average Temperature", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "degrees Fahrenheit, annual mean", "coverage": { "first": 1895, "last": 2025, "points": 131 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA NCEI, Climate at a Glance", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/national/time-series", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Contiguous US January–December average temperature, as published by NOAA in degrees Fahrenheit. The 48 contiguous states only; Alaska and Hawaii are separate NOAA regions.", "data": { "1895": 50.33, "1896": 51.98, "1897": 51.54, "1898": 51.42, "1899": 50.99, "1900": 52.76, "1901": 51.86, "1902": 51.57, "1903": 50.61, "1904": 51.15, "1905": 50.99, "1906": 51.72, "1907": 51.47, "1908": 52.07, "1909": 51.42, "1910": 52.41, "1911": 52.02, "1912": 50.22, "1913": 51.53, "1914": 51.83, "1915": 51.43, "1916": 50.84, "1917": 50.05, "1918": 51.85, "1919": 51.54, "1920": 51.07, "1921": 53.79, "1922": 52.02, "1923": 51.63, "1924": 50.57, "1925": 52.51, "1926": 51.94, "1927": 52.14, "1928": 51.91, "1929": 50.85, "1930": 51.97, "1931": 53.52, "1932": 51.72, "1933": 52.98, "1934": 54.09, "1935": 51.88, "1936": 52.14, "1937": 51.54, "1938": 53.17, "1939": 53.25, "1940": 51.88, "1941": 52.64, "1942": 51.83, "1943": 52.06, "1944": 51.82, "1945": 51.74, "1946": 52.94, "1947": 51.91, "1948": 51.6, "1949": 52.01, "1950": 51.38, "1951": 51.11, "1952": 52.27, "1953": 53.35, "1954": 53.32, "1955": 51.68, "1956": 52.33, "1957": 52.03, "1958": 51.92, "1959": 52.1, "1960": 51.43, "1961": 51.86, "1962": 51.89, "1963": 52.25, "1964": 51.67, "1965": 51.67, "1966": 51.48, "1967": 51.75, "1968": 51.31, "1969": 51.49, "1970": 51.6, "1971": 51.65, "1972": 51.36, "1973": 52.28, "1974": 52.26, "1975": 51.49, "1976": 51.46, "1977": 52.54, "1978": 51.04, "1979": 50.88, "1980": 52.38, "1981": 53.11, "1982": 51.33, "1983": 51.87, "1984": 51.97, "1985": 51.29, "1986": 53.31, "1987": 53.32, "1988": 52.62, "1989": 51.82, "1990": 53.5, "1991": 53.15, "1992": 52.59, "1993": 51.25, "1994": 52.85, "1995": 52.65, "1996": 51.88, "1997": 52.19, "1998": 54.22, "1999": 53.87, "2000": 53.25, "2001": 53.68, "2002": 53.2, "2003": 53.24, "2004": 53.08, "2005": 53.63, "2006": 54.24, "2007": 53.64, "2008": 52.28, "2009": 52.38, "2010": 52.98, "2011": 53.17, "2012": 55.27, "2013": 52.42, "2014": 52.53, "2015": 54.38, "2016": 54.9, "2017": 54.54, "2018": 53.51, "2019": 52.66, "2020": 54.36, "2021": 54.5, "2022": 53.38, "2023": 54.36, "2024": 55.48, "2025": 54.63 } }, "precipitation": { "name": "Contiguous US precipitation", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "inches", "coverage": { "first": 1895, "last": 2025, "points": 131 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA NCEI Climate at a Glance", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/national/time-series/110/pcp/12/12/1895-2025.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "12-month period ending December; contiguous United States precipitation total in inches. None known; publisher revisions may revise the full history. Breaks: none known; publisher revisions may revise the full history.", "data": { "1895": 27.53, "1896": 29.77, "1897": 29.68, "1898": 29.56, "1899": 28.69, "1900": 30.63, "1901": 27.63, "1902": 30.63, "1903": 29.36, "1904": 27.94, "1905": 32.59, "1906": 32.82, "1907": 30.92, "1908": 29.78, "1909": 31.16, "1910": 24.9, "1911": 29.52, "1912": 30.47, "1913": 29.83, "1914": 28.8, "1915": 32.75, "1916": 29.39, "1917": 25.34, "1918": 28.75, "1919": 31.73, "1920": 31.28, "1921": 28.76, "1922": 29.86, "1923": 31.67, "1924": 26.52, "1925": 26.96, "1926": 30.91, "1927": 32.03, "1928": 29.47, "1929": 30.14, "1930": 25.56, "1931": 27.52, "1932": 30.43, "1933": 27.49, "1934": 25.77, "1935": 29.47, "1936": 27.27, "1937": 30.5, "1938": 29.72, "1939": 26.27, "1940": 30.41, "1941": 32.78, "1942": 31.31, "1943": 26.8, "1944": 30.62, "1945": 33.02, "1946": 31.06, "1947": 29.35, "1948": 30.67, "1949": 30.29, "1950": 30.87, "1951": 31.23, "1952": 26.34, "1953": 28.28, "1954": 26.15, "1955": 27.73, "1956": 25.37, "1957": 33.83, "1958": 30.22, "1959": 30.58, "1960": 28.74, "1961": 31.25, "1962": 28.58, "1963": 25.65, "1964": 30.23, "1965": 29.79, "1966": 27.43, "1967": 29.58, "1968": 30.38, "1969": 30.6, "1970": 29.68, "1971": 30.32, "1972": 31.69, "1973": 34.94, "1974": 30.61, "1975": 33.01, "1976": 26.3, "1977": 30.42, "1978": 30.09, "1979": 32.74, "1980": 28.25, "1981": 29.94, "1982": 33.84, "1983": 34.72, "1984": 31.4, "1985": 29.95, "1986": 31.37, "1987": 29, "1988": 25.9, "1989": 29.04, "1990": 32.16, "1991": 32.44, "1992": 31.25, "1993": 32.6, "1994": 30.62, "1995": 32.67, "1996": 33.67, "1997": 31.82, "1998": 33.85, "1999": 28.46, "2000": 28.22, "2001": 29.02, "2002": 29.05, "2003": 30.49, "2004": 33.23, "2005": 30.08, "2006": 29.82, "2007": 29.16, "2008": 31.24, "2009": 32.29, "2010": 31.36, "2011": 30.09, "2012": 27.52, "2013": 31.04, "2014": 30.81, "2015": 34.58, "2016": 31.41, "2017": 32.29, "2018": 34.62, "2019": 34.82, "2020": 30.38, "2021": 30.41, "2022": 28.45, "2023": 29.53, "2024": 31.64, "2025": 29.25 } }, "seaLevel": { "name": "Global mean sea level", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "mm above the satellite-era reference mean (NOAA STAR sea level anomaly)", "coverage": { "first": 1993, "last": 2024, "points": 32 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NOAA STAR satellite altimetry", "sourceUrl": "https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/slr/slr_sla_gbl_free_ref_90.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Each published observation is the mean of the altimeter missions reporting on that date (TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, Jason-3, Sentinel-6MF overlap at handovers); the annual value is the arithmetic mean of a calendar year's observations, 1993 onward; original reference baseline retained, no rebasing. Inter-mission offsets across satellite altimeter generations (TOPEX/Poseidon from 1993, Jason-1 2002, Jason-2 2008, Jason-3 2016, Sentinel-6 2021); the reference-series baseline is retained. Breaks: Inter-mission offsets across satellite altimeter generations (TOPEX/Poseidon from 1993, Jason-1 2002, Jason-2 2008, Jason-3 2016, Sentinel-6 2021); the reference-series baseline is retained.", "data": { "1993": -19.405, "1994": -14.754118, "1995": -9.165484, "1996": -5.768824, "1997": -1.820303, "1998": -2.661212, "1999": -3.517879, "2000": 0.689118, "2001": 6.024722, "2002": 7.545678, "2003": 10.668607, "2004": 12.518607, "2005": 15.809828, "2006": 18.205556, "2007": 18.125946, "2008": 22.108605, "2009": 25.716197, "2010": 27.125811, "2011": 25.450548, "2012": 35.807101, "2013": 38.157115, "2014": 41.048333, "2015": 49.716757, "2016": 53.090648, "2017": 53.835686, "2018": 56.597838, "2019": 62.986757, "2020": 65.668378, "2021": 70.046122, "2022": 72.681642, "2023": 78.488378, "2024": 81.887162 } }, "arcticSeaIce": { "name": "Arctic September sea ice extent", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "million km²", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2025, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NSIDC Sea Ice Index", "sourceUrl": "https://noaadata.apps.nsidc.org/NOAA/G02135/north/monthly/data/N_09_extent_v4.0.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Published September monthly mean extent, million square kilometers; extent column, not area. Source dataset version switched in 2025; the v4.0 file is used throughout. Breaks: Source dataset version switched in 2025; the v4.0 file is used throughout.", "data": { "1979": 7.05, "1980": 7.67, "1981": 7.14, "1982": 7.3, "1983": 7.39, "1984": 6.81, "1985": 6.7, "1986": 7.41, "1987": 7.28, "1988": 7.37, "1989": 7.01, "1990": 6.14, "1991": 6.47, "1992": 7.47, "1993": 6.4, "1994": 7.14, "1995": 6.08, "1996": 7.58, "1997": 6.69, "1998": 6.54, "1999": 6.12, "2000": 6.25, "2001": 6.73, "2002": 5.83, "2003": 6.12, "2004": 5.98, "2005": 5.5, "2006": 5.86, "2007": 4.27, "2008": 4.69, "2009": 5.26, "2010": 4.87, "2011": 4.56, "2012": 3.57, "2013": 5.21, "2014": 5.22, "2015": 4.62, "2016": 4.53, "2017": 4.82, "2018": 4.79, "2019": 4.36, "2020": 4, "2021": 4.95, "2022": 4.9, "2023": 4.38, "2024": 4.35, "2025": 4.75 } }, "wildfireAcres": { "name": "Wildfire acres burned", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "acres", "coverage": { "first": 1983, "last": 2025, "points": 43 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "National Interagency Fire Center", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/statistics/wildfires", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Annual wildfires table, Acres column; 1983–2025 only. Pre-1983 records are not comparable; series starts in 1983. Breaks: Pre-1983 records are not comparable; series starts in 1983.", "data": { "1983": 1323666, "1984": 1148409, "1985": 2896147, "1986": 2719162, "1987": 2447296, "1988": 5009290, "1989": 1827310, "1990": 4621621, "1991": 2953578, "1992": 2069929, "1993": 1797574, "1994": 4073579, "1995": 1840546, "1996": 6065998, "1997": 2856959, "1998": 1329704, "1999": 5626093, "2000": 7393493, "2001": 3570911, "2002": 7184712, "2003": 3960842, "2004": 8097880, "2005": 8689389, "2006": 9873745, "2007": 9328045, "2008": 5292468, "2009": 5921786, "2010": 3422724, "2011": 8711367, "2012": 9326238, "2013": 4319546, "2014": 3595613, "2015": 10125149, "2016": 5509995, "2017": 10026086, "2018": 8767492, "2019": 4664364, "2020": 10122336, "2021": 7125643, "2022": 7577183, "2023": 2693910, "2024": 8924884, "2025": 5131474 } }, "namedStorms": { "name": "Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "systems reaching tropical-storm strength (≥34 kt)", "coverage": { "first": 1851, "last": 2025, "points": 175 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NOAA NHC Atlantic HURDAT2", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2025-02272026.txt", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Count each unique AL storm header once when peak track maximum sustained wind (field 7) is at least 34 knots; season from storm ID. Includes systems that reached 34 knots but were never named operationally (every pre-1950 storm, the 2005 unnamed subtropical storm, and Tropical Depression Twenty-Two of 2005 after reanalysis), so a season can exceed the named-storm count in NHC's summary: 2005 is 29 here against 28 there. Pre-1966 pre-satellite and pre-1944 pre-reconnaissance eras undercount storms. Breaks: Pre-1966 pre-satellite and pre-1944 pre-reconnaissance eras undercount storms.", "data": { "1851": 6, "1852": 5, "1853": 8, "1854": 5, "1855": 5, "1856": 6, "1857": 4, "1858": 6, "1859": 8, "1860": 7, "1861": 8, "1862": 6, "1863": 9, "1864": 5, "1865": 7, "1866": 7, "1867": 9, "1868": 4, "1869": 10, "1870": 11, "1871": 8, "1872": 5, "1873": 5, "1874": 7, "1875": 6, "1876": 5, "1877": 8, "1878": 12, "1879": 8, "1880": 11, "1881": 7, "1882": 6, "1883": 4, "1884": 4, "1885": 8, "1886": 12, "1887": 19, "1888": 9, "1889": 9, "1890": 4, "1891": 10, "1892": 9, "1893": 12, "1894": 7, "1895": 6, "1896": 7, "1897": 6, "1898": 11, "1899": 10, "1900": 7, "1901": 13, "1902": 5, "1903": 10, "1904": 6, "1905": 5, "1906": 11, "1907": 5, "1908": 10, "1909": 12, "1910": 5, "1911": 6, "1912": 7, "1913": 6, "1914": 1, "1915": 6, "1916": 15, "1917": 4, "1918": 6, "1919": 5, "1920": 5, "1921": 7, "1922": 5, "1923": 9, "1924": 11, "1925": 4, "1926": 11, "1927": 8, "1928": 6, "1929": 5, "1930": 3, "1931": 13, "1932": 15, "1933": 20, "1934": 13, "1935": 8, "1936": 17, "1937": 11, "1938": 9, "1939": 6, "1940": 9, "1941": 6, "1942": 11, "1943": 10, "1944": 14, "1945": 11, "1946": 7, "1947": 10, "1948": 10, "1949": 16, "1950": 16, "1951": 12, "1952": 11, "1953": 14, "1954": 16, "1955": 13, "1956": 12, "1957": 8, "1958": 12, "1959": 14, "1960": 8, "1961": 12, "1962": 7, "1963": 10, "1964": 13, "1965": 10, "1966": 15, "1967": 13, "1968": 9, "1969": 18, "1970": 14, "1971": 13, "1972": 7, "1973": 8, "1974": 11, "1975": 9, "1976": 10, "1977": 6, "1978": 12, "1979": 9, "1980": 11, "1981": 12, "1982": 6, "1983": 4, "1984": 13, "1985": 11, "1986": 6, "1987": 7, "1988": 12, "1989": 11, "1990": 14, "1991": 8, "1992": 7, "1993": 9, "1994": 7, "1995": 19, "1996": 13, "1997": 8, "1998": 14, "1999": 12, "2000": 15, "2001": 15, "2002": 12, "2003": 16, "2004": 15, "2005": 29, "2006": 10, "2007": 16, "2008": 16, "2009": 9, "2010": 19, "2011": 19, "2012": 19, "2013": 14, "2014": 8, "2015": 11, "2016": 15, "2017": 17, "2018": 15, "2019": 18, "2020": 30, "2021": 21, "2022": 14, "2023": 20, "2024": 18, "2025": 13 } }, "tornadoes": { "name": "US tornadoes", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "tornadoes", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2024, "points": 75 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado records", "sourceUrl": "https://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/data/1950-2025_actual_tornadoes.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Annual count of unique yr/mo/dy/om tornado IDs with sn=1 (whole-tornado records), excluding state segments; 1950–2024. 2007 Enhanced Fujita scale change and Doppler-era detection improvements affect comparability. Breaks: 2007 Enhanced Fujita scale change and Doppler-era detection improvements affect comparability.", "data": { "1950": 200, "1951": 260, "1952": 237, "1953": 415, "1954": 542, "1955": 585, "1956": 500, "1957": 854, "1958": 559, "1959": 599, "1960": 615, "1961": 688, "1962": 652, "1963": 457, "1964": 699, "1965": 887, "1966": 582, "1967": 921, "1968": 653, "1969": 605, "1970": 646, "1971": 883, "1972": 738, "1973": 1098, "1974": 935, "1975": 917, "1976": 828, "1977": 848, "1978": 783, "1979": 850, "1980": 862, "1981": 780, "1982": 1038, "1983": 926, "1984": 899, "1985": 674, "1986": 758, "1987": 653, "1988": 702, "1989": 849, "1990": 1125, "1991": 1126, "1992": 1291, "1993": 1168, "1994": 1076, "1995": 1229, "1996": 1169, "1997": 1145, "1998": 1417, "1999": 1327, "2000": 1073, "2001": 1207, "2002": 923, "2003": 1355, "2004": 1805, "2005": 1262, "2006": 1084, "2007": 1126, "2008": 1683, "2009": 1151, "2010": 1286, "2011": 1672, "2012": 940, "2013": 900, "2014": 918, "2015": 1167, "2016": 969, "2017": 1420, "2018": 1129, "2019": 1509, "2020": 1076, "2021": 1306, "2022": 1154, "2023": 1303, "2024": 1765 } }, "disasterDeclarations": { "name": "Major disaster declarations", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "declarations", "coverage": { "first": 1953, "last": 2025, "points": 73 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries", "sourceUrl": "https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Filter declarationType=DR; deduplicate county/designated-area records by disasterNumber; count by fyDeclared. Completed fiscal years through 2025; ongoing FY2026 excluded. Stafford Act 1988 baseline; COVID-19 caused a 2020 anomaly. Fiscal years use FEMA fyDeclared. Breaks: Stafford Act 1988 baseline; COVID-19 caused a 2020 anomaly. Fiscal years use FEMA fyDeclared.", "data": { "1953": 10, "1954": 14, "1955": 20, "1956": 18, "1957": 18, "1958": 5, "1959": 8, "1960": 13, "1961": 11, "1962": 16, "1963": 25, "1964": 18, "1965": 33, "1966": 12, "1967": 9, "1968": 18, "1969": 28, "1970": 16, "1971": 19, "1972": 43, "1973": 46, "1974": 46, "1975": 37, "1976": 33, "1977": 18, "1978": 26, "1979": 41, "1980": 25, "1981": 15, "1982": 23, "1983": 20, "1984": 35, "1985": 19, "1986": 30, "1987": 24, "1988": 17, "1989": 29, "1990": 35, "1991": 39, "1992": 46, "1993": 39, "1994": 36, "1995": 29, "1996": 72, "1997": 49, "1998": 61, "1999": 53, "2000": 40, "2001": 50, "2002": 42, "2003": 62, "2004": 65, "2005": 45, "2006": 53, "2007": 68, "2008": 68, "2009": 63, "2010": 79, "2011": 98, "2012": 46, "2013": 65, "2014": 48, "2015": 44, "2016": 41, "2017": 60, "2018": 55, "2019": 68, "2020": 100, "2021": 59, "2022": 52, "2023": 68, "2024": 88, "2025": 61 } }, "billionDollarDisasters": { "name": "Billion-dollar disasters", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "events", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2024, "points": 44 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NOAA NCEI billion-dollar disaster individual event records", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events-US-1980-2024.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Computed from individual event records (name, dates, CPI-adjusted cost); annual count and annual cost, summed by event begin-year. Costs converted from millions to billions of dollars, CPI-adjusted as NOAA published them in the archived final edition (the file does not name the dollar base year); 1980–2024 only. Product retired in 2025; record ends in 2024. No successor data appended. Breaks: Product retired in 2025; record ends in 2024. No successor data appended.", "data": { "1980": 3, "1981": 2, "1982": 5, "1983": 4, "1984": 2, "1985": 7, "1986": 3, "1988": 1, "1989": 6, "1990": 4, "1991": 4, "1992": 7, "1993": 5, "1994": 6, "1995": 7, "1996": 5, "1997": 4, "1998": 10, "1999": 5, "2000": 5, "2001": 3, "2002": 6, "2003": 7, "2004": 6, "2005": 6, "2006": 8, "2007": 5, "2008": 12, "2009": 9, "2010": 7, "2011": 18, "2012": 11, "2013": 10, "2014": 10, "2015": 11, "2016": 15, "2017": 19, "2018": 16, "2019": 14, "2020": 22, "2021": 20, "2022": 19, "2023": 27, "2024": 27 } }, "billionDollarCost": { "name": "Billion-dollar disaster cost", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "billion CPI-adjusted dollars", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2024, "points": 44 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from NOAA NCEI billion-dollar disaster individual event records", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events-US-1980-2024.csv", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Computed from individual event records (name, dates, CPI-adjusted cost); annual count and annual cost, summed by event begin-year. Costs converted from millions to billions of dollars, CPI-adjusted as NOAA published them in the archived final edition (the file does not name the dollar base year); 1980–2024 only. Product retired in 2025; record ends in 2024. No successor data appended. Breaks: Product retired in 2025; record ends in 2024. No successor data appended.", "data": { "1980": 45.6738, "1981": 3.4855, "1982": 15.1807, "1983": 26.7555, "1984": 3.2138, "1985": 22.5286, "1986": 7.8696, "1988": 54.6104, "1989": 40.3306, "1990": 14.5894, "1991": 19.611, "1992": 80.0298, "1993": 65.7189, "1994": 16.5808, "1995": 35.5195, "1996": 23.2036, "1997": 17.1573, "1998": 38.1969, "1999": 24.5, "2000": 15.5417, "2001": 21.787, "2002": 27.2051, "2003": 38.4298, "2004": 92.3097, "2005": 268.6182, "2006": 25.2275, "2007": 18.8685, "2008": 94.1352, "2009": 19.8128, "2010": 20.182, "2011": 97.9359, "2012": 158.8083, "2013": 32.3175, "2014": 25.5376, "2015": 30.9094, "2016": 61.2099, "2017": 395.9362, "2018": 116.0339, "2019": 55.5155, "2020": 120.5847, "2021": 164.2988, "2022": 188.4634, "2023": 90.4686, "2024": 182.7136 } }, "emissionsSo2": { "name": "SO2 emissions excluding wildfires", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "thousand short tons", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2025, "points": 40 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. EPA National Emissions Inventory trends", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2026-09/national_tier1_caps_04sep2026.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Pollutant-specific worksheet, Total without wildfires row, annual year columns. EPA's own estimates throughout: 1970–2001 five-yearly then annual NEI/trends values, 2002–2019 EQUATES-modeled, and the years after the latest full NEI (2020 onward) interpolated or projected by EPA; no interpolation performed here. EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory. Breaks: EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory.", "data": { "1970": 31218, "1975": 28044, "1980": 25926, "1985": 23307, "1990": 23065.14925, "1991": 22363, "1992": 22072.74093, "1993": 21764.27298, "1994": 21331.50887, "1995": 18609.34739, "1996": 18370.474499999997, "1997": 18833.679719999996, "1998": 18938.707270000003, "1999": 17478.266265000002, "2000": 16277.676304999997, "2001": 15887.624507999999, "2002": 14798.553346654102, "2003": 15308.4030854931, "2004": 14592.708112161601, "2005": 14521.5553897501, "2006": 12395.282911985902, "2007": 11537.633956558198, "2008": 10144.5786608221, "2009": 7975.663993315799, "2010": 6924.587498611099, "2011": 6383.4398781367, "2012": 5072.598665630199, "2013": 4829.770266804999, "2014": 4574.607738130299, "2015": 3436.8886735096003, "2016": 2623.547346807499, "2017": 2406.6694924055, "2018": 2306.7963216522, "2019": 1939.3595390374996, "2020": 1703.6937351373997, "2021": 1880.2849530649999, "2022": 1893.3476777216003, "2023": 1519.7481828384, "2024": 1492.7656714634002, "2025": 1601.1888671434 } }, "emissionsNox": { "name": "NOx emissions excluding wildfires", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "thousand short tons", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2025, "points": 40 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. EPA National Emissions Inventory trends", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2026-09/national_tier1_caps_04sep2026.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Pollutant-specific worksheet, Total without wildfires row, annual year columns. EPA's own estimates throughout: 1970–2001 five-yearly then annual NEI/trends values, 2002–2019 EQUATES-modeled, and the years after the latest full NEI (2020 onward) interpolated or projected by EPA; no interpolation performed here. EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory. Breaks: EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory.", "data": { "1970": 26883, "1975": 26377, "1980": 27079, "1985": 25757, "1990": 25165.31458, "1991": 24933.0642, "1992": 25027.25511, "1993": 25122.25511, "1994": 24968.31619, "1995": 24696.80659, "1996": 24382.374980000004, "1997": 24525.83961, "1998": 24175.801089999997, "1999": 22608.595719, "2000": 22335.232398, "2001": 21377.546743000006, "2002": 25147.209345708998, "2003": 24497.054991129, "2004": 22720.547870595, "2005": 21745.43377496, "2006": 20182.032020138497, "2007": 18875.4115328635, "2008": 17845.823597738698, "2009": 15501.859176086, "2010": 15303.043623022, "2011": 14539.729434294599, "2012": 13654.2720528518, "2013": 12829.656846673, "2014": 12107.2748157731, "2015": 10970.4710858363, "2016": 9907.273662637801, "2017": 9319.667097888701, "2018": 8931.023482046001, "2019": 8526.6926349425, "2020": 7569.326424641099, "2021": 7632.3820101857, "2022": 7501.6012902269, "2023": 7761.0359791296005, "2024": 7803.2375498146, "2025": 7854.8087178166015 } }, "emissionsPm25": { "name": "PM2.5 emissions excluding wildfires", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "thousand short tons", "coverage": { "first": 2002, "last": 2025, "points": 24 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. EPA National Emissions Inventory trends", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2026-09/national_tier1_caps_04sep2026.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Pollutant-specific worksheet, Total without wildfires row, annual year columns. EPA's own estimates throughout: EPA publishes no PM2.5 total without wildfires before 2002, so this line begins in 2002; 2002–2019 EQUATES-modeled, and the years after the latest full NEI (2020 onward) interpolated or projected by EPA; no interpolation performed here. EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory. Breaks: EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory.", "data": { "2002": 4443.0189953358995, "2003": 4610.909089337901, "2004": 4809.9257831074, "2005": 4962.1714345574, "2006": 4735.099518954201, "2007": 4622.2226546731, "2008": 4618.9514019641, "2009": 4368.3279422152, "2010": 4456.0360442635, "2011": 4474.8813143677, "2012": 4223.2486389037, "2013": 4144.8951012298, "2014": 4113.270627408199, "2015": 3877.3825430292004, "2016": 4031.5088312085004, "2017": 4338.6517500389, "2018": 4343.2123566116, "2019": 4130.859793974801, "2020": 4145.889569368799, "2021": 4578.1184266616, "2022": 4554.718740728001, "2023": 3941.8825740622997, "2024": 4233.6001625523, "2025": 4233.6001625723 } }, "emissionsVoc": { "name": "VOC emissions excluding wildfires", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "thousand short tons", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2025, "points": 40 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "U.S. EPA National Emissions Inventory trends", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2026-09/national_tier1_caps_04sep2026.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Pollutant-specific worksheet, Total without wildfires row, annual year columns. EPA's own estimates throughout: 1970–2001 five-yearly then annual NEI/trends values, 2002–2019 EQUATES-modeled, and the years after the latest full NEI (2020 onward) interpolated or projected by EPA; no interpolation performed here. EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory. Breaks: EQUATES-modeled 2002–2019; 2020–2025 are EPA interpolated or projected estimates pending the next full inventory.", "data": { "1970": 33742, "1975": 30178, "1980": 30083, "1985": 26938, "1990": 23125, "1991": 22899, "1992": 22659, "1993": 22252, "1994": 21932, "1995": 21578, "1996": 19001.341, "1997": 18785.892229999998, "1998": 18136.03127, "1999": 17602.902576, "2000": 16897.508431, "2001": 16698.934651000003, "2002": 15890.204635022, "2003": 15893.645145579, "2004": 16036.598352367002, "2005": 15842.090157157, "2006": 15141.544589132003, "2007": 14836.945724425, "2008": 14379.776766575, "2009": 13377.297888343, "2010": 13217.651218809999, "2011": 13368.813650842, "2012": 13200.923568703001, "2013": 12664.00005103, "2014": 12619.768474218, "2015": 12125.464298060999, "2016": 11809.662661491999, "2017": 12481.457783529002, "2018": 12656.599144686003, "2019": 12007.424490657, "2020": 12004.934124715004, "2021": 12124.85837835, "2022": 12162.534155331, "2023": 12134.523275257, "2024": 12272.292770257001, "2025": 12272.292770257 } }, "unhealthyAqiDays": { "name": "Unhealthy-or-worse AQI days across ten metros", "category": "Environment & Climate", "unit": "metro-days", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2025, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "computed from U.S. EPA AQS annual AQI by CBSA", "sourceUrl": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2025.zip", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1980.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1981.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1982.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1983.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1984.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1985.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1986.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1987.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1988.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1989.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1990.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1991.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1992.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1993.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1994.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1995.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1996.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1997.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1998.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_1999.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2000.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2001.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2002.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2003.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2004.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2005.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2006.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2007.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2008.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2009.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2010.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2011.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2012.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2013.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2014.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2015.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2016.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2017.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2018.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2019.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2020.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2021.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2022.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2023.zip", "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/annual_aqi_by_cbsa_2024.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Energy-And-Environment" ], "note": "Sum Unhealthy Days + Very Unhealthy Days + Hazardous Days (AQI >150), excluding Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups. Fixed 2020 Census top-ten metro CBSAs: 35620, 31080, 16980, 19100, 26420, 47900, 33100, 37980, 12060, 14460. Sum of reported days, not population-weighted; monitor availability varies. Years missing any metro omitted: none. 2024 PM2.5 AQI breakpoint revision changes category thresholds; fixed ten-metro 2020 Census population ranking; changes in monitoring availability affect counts. Breaks: 2024 PM2.5 AQI breakpoint revision changes category thresholds; fixed ten-metro 2020 Census population ranking; changes in monitoring availability affect counts.", "data": { "1980": 656, "1981": 521, "1982": 495, "1983": 634, "1984": 515, "1985": 541, "1986": 496, "1987": 531, "1988": 638, "1989": 414, "1990": 422, "1991": 435, "1992": 308, "1993": 388, "1994": 355, "1995": 414, "1996": 262, "1997": 286, "1998": 358, "1999": 351, "2000": 263, "2001": 284, "2002": 350, "2003": 229, "2004": 190, "2005": 258, "2006": 210, "2007": 178, "2008": 130, "2009": 83, "2010": 84, "2011": 120, "2012": 107, "2013": 40, "2014": 39, "2015": 70, "2016": 41, "2017": 55, "2018": 51, "2019": 38, "2020": 75, "2021": 49, "2022": 44, "2023": 89, "2024": 96, "2025": 62 } }, "joltsOpenings": { "name": "Job Openings", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "openings, thousands, seasonally adjusted, last business day of month", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2026, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, via FRED JTSJOL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/JTSJOL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Total nonfarm job openings on the last business day of the month. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from December 2000. Revised each spring with JOLTS benchmarks. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "2001": 4350, "2002": 3453, "2003": 3238, "2004": 3642, "2005": 4108, "2006": 4585, "2007": 4688, "2008": 3799, "2009": 2501, "2010": 2969, "2011": 3430, "2012": 3841, "2013": 4071, "2014": 4773, "2015": 5564, "2016": 5856, "2017": 6119, "2018": 7109, "2019": 7154, "2020": 6349, "2021": 9979, "2022": 11195, "2023": 9268, "2024": 7657, "2025": 7082, "2026": 7232 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2000-12": 5088, "2001-01": 5234, "2001-02": 5097, "2001-03": 4762, "2001-04": 4615, "2001-05": 4425, "2001-06": 4361, "2001-07": 4447, "2001-08": 4024, "2001-09": 4071, "2001-10": 3707, "2001-11": 3775, "2001-12": 3677, "2002-01": 3699, "2002-02": 3436, "2002-03": 3612, "2002-04": 3471, "2002-05": 3457, "2002-06": 3412, "2002-07": 3367, "2002-08": 3517, "2002-09": 3301, "2002-10": 3479, "2002-11": 3514, "2002-12": 3169, "2003-01": 3441, "2003-02": 3229, "2003-03": 3099, "2003-04": 3108, "2003-05": 3289, "2003-06": 3390, "2003-07": 2981, "2003-08": 3190, "2003-09": 3091, "2003-10": 3305, "2003-11": 3324, "2003-12": 3414, "2004-01": 3424, "2004-02": 3532, "2004-03": 3525, "2004-04": 3511, "2004-05": 3710, "2004-06": 3337, "2004-07": 3814, "2004-08": 3541, "2004-09": 3821, "2004-10": 3943, "2004-11": 3472, "2004-12": 4074, "2005-01": 3804, "2005-02": 3965, "2005-03": 4044, "2005-04": 4159, "2005-05": 3797, "2005-06": 4062, "2005-07": 4256, "2005-08": 4142, "2005-09": 4352, "2005-10": 4184, "2005-11": 4248, "2005-12": 4282, "2006-01": 4397, "2006-02": 4325, "2006-03": 4732, "2006-04": 4790, "2006-05": 4463, "2006-06": 4614, "2006-07": 4394, "2006-08": 4710, "2006-09": 4737, "2006-10": 4591, "2006-11": 4645, "2006-12": 4620, "2007-01": 4763, "2007-02": 4699, "2007-03": 4962, "2007-04": 4689, "2007-05": 4657, "2007-06": 4859, "2007-07": 4598, "2007-08": 4546, "2007-09": 4652, "2007-10": 4636, "2007-11": 4646, "2007-12": 4545, "2008-01": 4624, "2008-02": 4279, "2008-03": 4225, "2008-04": 4035, "2008-05": 4194, "2008-06": 3830, "2008-07": 3749, "2008-08": 3674, "2008-09": 3222, "2008-10": 3377, "2008-11": 3231, "2008-12": 3146, "2009-01": 2738, "2009-02": 2864, "2009-03": 2534, "2009-04": 2295, "2009-05": 2549, "2009-06": 2503, "2009-07": 2232, "2009-08": 2338, "2009-09": 2487, "2009-10": 2406, "2009-11": 2503, "2009-12": 2568, "2010-01": 2837, "2010-02": 2666, "2010-03": 2679, "2010-04": 3153, "2010-05": 2988, "2010-06": 2801, "2010-07": 3082, "2010-08": 2999, "2010-09": 2918, "2010-10": 3235, "2010-11": 3211, "2010-12": 3058, "2011-01": 3104, "2011-02": 3226, "2011-03": 3261, "2011-04": 3259, "2011-05": 3179, "2011-06": 3455, "2011-07": 3623, "2011-08": 3329, "2011-09": 3774, "2011-10": 3619, "2011-11": 3565, "2011-12": 3768, "2012-01": 3909, "2012-02": 3616, "2012-03": 3979, "2012-04": 3793, "2012-05": 3835, "2012-06": 3911, "2012-07": 3735, "2012-08": 3809, "2012-09": 3882, "2012-10": 3775, "2012-11": 3878, "2012-12": 3970, "2013-01": 3923, "2013-02": 4004, "2013-03": 4076, "2013-04": 3988, "2013-05": 4145, "2013-06": 4150, "2013-07": 3885, "2013-08": 4085, "2013-09": 4128, "2013-10": 4222, "2013-11": 4119, "2013-12": 4121, "2014-01": 4127, "2014-02": 4373, "2014-03": 4388, "2014-04": 4566, "2014-05": 4747, "2014-06": 4982, "2014-07": 4846, "2014-08": 5349, "2014-09": 4914, "2014-10": 5012, "2014-11": 4843, "2014-12": 5130, "2015-01": 5344, "2015-02": 5466, "2015-03": 5210, "2015-04": 5598, "2015-05": 5563, "2015-06": 5248, "2015-07": 6056, "2015-08": 5467, "2015-09": 5488, "2015-10": 5773, "2015-11": 5708, "2015-12": 5845, "2016-01": 6012, "2016-02": 5770, "2016-03": 6129, "2016-04": 5803, "2016-05": 5777, "2016-06": 5742, "2016-07": 5962, "2016-08": 5677, "2016-09": 5868, "2016-10": 5591, "2016-11": 5971, "2016-12": 5964, "2017-01": 5617, "2017-02": 5923, "2017-03": 5811, "2017-04": 6091, "2017-05": 5826, "2017-06": 6305, "2017-07": 6238, "2017-08": 6276, "2017-09": 6320, "2017-10": 6408, "2017-11": 6271, "2017-12": 6336, "2018-01": 6621, "2018-02": 6552, "2018-03": 6818, "2018-04": 6877, "2018-05": 7016, "2018-06": 7230, "2018-07": 7190, "2018-08": 7208, "2018-09": 7411, "2018-10": 7304, "2018-11": 7594, "2018-12": 7489, "2019-01": 7502, "2019-02": 7066, "2019-03": 7317, "2019-04": 7272, "2019-05": 7275, "2019-06": 7194, "2019-07": 7042, "2019-08": 7178, "2019-09": 7124, "2019-10": 7289, "2019-11": 6888, "2019-12": 6699, "2020-01": 7124, "2020-02": 6966, "2020-03": 5894, "2020-04": 4606, "2020-05": 5612, "2020-06": 6129, "2020-07": 6530, "2020-08": 6429, "2020-09": 6511, "2020-10": 6798, "2020-11": 6820, "2020-12": 6773, "2021-01": 7162, "2021-02": 7827, "2021-03": 8499, "2021-04": 9346, "2021-05": 9954, "2021-06": 10319, "2021-07": 10983, "2021-08": 10872, "2021-09": 10834, "2021-10": 11238, "2021-11": 11199, "2021-12": 11520, "2022-01": 11210, "2022-02": 11698, "2022-03": 12301, "2022-04": 11861, "2022-05": 11535, "2022-06": 11283, "2022-07": 11576, "2022-08": 10092, "2022-09": 10800, "2022-10": 10447, "2022-11": 10632, "2022-12": 10902, "2023-01": 10318, "2023-02": 9857, "2023-03": 9655, "2023-04": 9966, "2023-05": 9368, "2023-06": 9180, "2023-07": 8657, "2023-08": 9254, "2023-09": 9259, "2023-10": 8580, "2023-11": 8602, "2023-12": 8520, "2024-01": 8378, "2024-02": 8440, "2024-03": 8206, "2024-04": 7529, "2024-05": 7782, "2024-06": 7416, "2024-07": 7426, "2024-08": 7520, "2024-09": 6943, "2024-10": 7379, "2024-11": 7566, "2024-12": 7295, "2025-01": 7431, "2025-02": 7242, "2025-03": 6952, "2025-04": 7098, "2025-05": 7310, "2025-06": 7204, "2025-07": 7089, "2025-08": 6919, "2025-09": 7169, "2025-10": 7170, "2025-11": 6846, "2025-12": 6550, "2026-01": 7240, "2026-02": 6922, "2026-03": 6887, "2026-04": 7585, "2026-05": 7537, "2026-06": 7182, "2026-07": 7271 } }, "joltsHires": { "name": "Hires", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "hires per month, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2026, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, via FRED JTSHIL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/JTSHIL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Total nonfarm hires during the month. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from December 2000. Revised each spring with JOLTS benchmarks. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "2001": 5210, "2002": 4850, "2003": 4747, "2004": 5042, "2005": 5313, "2006": 5396, "2007": 5314, "2008": 4702, "2009": 3898, "2010": 4138, "2011": 4305, "2012": 4447, "2013": 4573, "2014": 4912, "2015": 5218, "2016": 5312, "2017": 5466, "2018": 5713, "2019": 5833, "2020": 6053, "2021": 6354, "2022": 6411, "2023": 5865, "2024": 5375, "2025": 5245, "2026": 5233 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2000-12": 5426, "2001-01": 5722, "2001-02": 5303, "2001-03": 5528, "2001-04": 5204, "2001-05": 5410, "2001-06": 5109, "2001-07": 5244, "2001-08": 5223, "2001-09": 4954, "2001-10": 5078, "2001-11": 4914, "2001-12": 4829, "2002-01": 4855, "2002-02": 4801, "2002-03": 4706, "2002-04": 4928, "2002-05": 4857, "2002-06": 4869, "2002-07": 4946, "2002-08": 4871, "2002-09": 4879, "2002-10": 4798, "2002-11": 4792, "2002-12": 4893, "2003-01": 5058, "2003-02": 4714, "2003-03": 4470, "2003-04": 4600, "2003-05": 4678, "2003-06": 4682, "2003-07": 4639, "2003-08": 4666, "2003-09": 4799, "2003-10": 4902, "2003-11": 4767, "2003-12": 4984, "2004-01": 4900, "2004-02": 4788, "2004-03": 5227, "2004-04": 5152, "2004-05": 4976, "2004-06": 5009, "2004-07": 4891, "2004-08": 5013, "2004-09": 5062, "2004-10": 5149, "2004-11": 5181, "2004-12": 5153, "2005-01": 5201, "2005-02": 5276, "2005-03": 5273, "2005-04": 5362, "2005-05": 5271, "2005-06": 5376, "2005-07": 5328, "2005-08": 5409, "2005-09": 5493, "2005-10": 5124, "2005-11": 5344, "2005-12": 5294, "2006-01": 5271, "2006-02": 5474, "2006-03": 5524, "2006-04": 5215, "2006-05": 5498, "2006-06": 5455, "2006-07": 5573, "2006-08": 5373, "2006-09": 5288, "2006-10": 5375, "2006-11": 5495, "2006-12": 5214, "2007-01": 5426, "2007-02": 5160, "2007-03": 5479, "2007-04": 5353, "2007-05": 5469, "2007-06": 5267, "2007-07": 5217, "2007-08": 5358, "2007-09": 5344, "2007-10": 5398, "2007-11": 5176, "2007-12": 5119, "2008-01": 5071, "2008-02": 5077, "2008-03": 4924, "2008-04": 4948, "2008-05": 4691, "2008-06": 4893, "2008-07": 4637, "2008-08": 4682, "2008-09": 4499, "2008-10": 4548, "2008-11": 4104, "2008-12": 4348, "2009-01": 4095, "2009-02": 4061, "2009-03": 3858, "2009-04": 3888, "2009-05": 3758, "2009-06": 3639, "2009-07": 3857, "2009-08": 3810, "2009-09": 3944, "2009-10": 3838, "2009-11": 4024, "2009-12": 4004, "2010-01": 3904, "2010-02": 3864, "2010-03": 4302, "2010-04": 4159, "2010-05": 4420, "2010-06": 4111, "2010-07": 4163, "2010-08": 4046, "2010-09": 4034, "2010-10": 4173, "2010-11": 4182, "2010-12": 4299, "2011-01": 4000, "2011-02": 4231, "2011-03": 4430, "2011-04": 4296, "2011-05": 4261, "2011-06": 4366, "2011-07": 4261, "2011-08": 4298, "2011-09": 4429, "2011-10": 4370, "2011-11": 4365, "2011-12": 4356, "2012-01": 4457, "2012-02": 4560, "2012-03": 4575, "2012-04": 4389, "2012-05": 4533, "2012-06": 4440, "2012-07": 4327, "2012-08": 4450, "2012-09": 4302, "2012-10": 4389, "2012-11": 4489, "2012-12": 4452, "2013-01": 4487, "2013-02": 4571, "2013-03": 4369, "2013-04": 4572, "2013-05": 4663, "2013-06": 4440, "2013-07": 4561, "2013-08": 4730, "2013-09": 4726, "2013-10": 4518, "2013-11": 4622, "2013-12": 4614, "2014-01": 4626, "2014-02": 4696, "2014-03": 4763, "2014-04": 4880, "2014-05": 4808, "2014-06": 4925, "2014-07": 5008, "2014-08": 4810, "2014-09": 5149, "2014-10": 5111, "2014-11": 4978, "2014-12": 5192, "2015-01": 5061, "2015-02": 5127, "2015-03": 5126, "2015-04": 5196, "2015-05": 5142, "2015-06": 5125, "2015-07": 5150, "2015-08": 5163, "2015-09": 5287, "2015-10": 5338, "2015-11": 5358, "2015-12": 5540, "2016-01": 5220, "2016-02": 5470, "2016-03": 5359, "2016-04": 5294, "2016-05": 5197, "2016-06": 5281, "2016-07": 5426, "2016-08": 5327, "2016-09": 5306, "2016-10": 5210, "2016-11": 5308, "2016-12": 5343, "2017-01": 5499, "2017-02": 5350, "2017-03": 5395, "2017-04": 5272, "2017-05": 5477, "2017-06": 5635, "2017-07": 5497, "2017-08": 5519, "2017-09": 5450, "2017-10": 5581, "2017-11": 5494, "2017-12": 5421, "2018-01": 5512, "2018-02": 5624, "2018-03": 5623, "2018-04": 5590, "2018-05": 5859, "2018-06": 5760, "2018-07": 5649, "2018-08": 5815, "2018-09": 5625, "2018-10": 5907, "2018-11": 5826, "2018-12": 5768, "2019-01": 5786, "2019-02": 5704, "2019-03": 5689, "2019-04": 6016, "2019-05": 5686, "2019-06": 5801, "2019-07": 5871, "2019-08": 5900, "2019-09": 5963, "2019-10": 5781, "2019-11": 5847, "2019-12": 5951, "2020-01": 5981, "2020-02": 5990, "2020-03": 5171, "2020-04": 4029, "2020-05": 8133, "2020-06": 7477, "2020-07": 6320, "2020-08": 6004, "2020-09": 5966, "2020-10": 6091, "2020-11": 5894, "2020-12": 5577, "2021-01": 5598, "2021-02": 5813, "2021-03": 6158, "2021-04": 6138, "2021-05": 5981, "2021-06": 6535, "2021-07": 6720, "2021-08": 6394, "2021-09": 6632, "2021-10": 6678, "2021-11": 6911, "2021-12": 6686, "2022-01": 6431, "2022-02": 6801, "2022-03": 6619, "2022-04": 6528, "2022-05": 6440, "2022-06": 6487, "2022-07": 6478, "2022-08": 6448, "2022-09": 6201, "2022-10": 6151, "2022-11": 6180, "2022-12": 6163, "2023-01": 6370, "2023-02": 5989, "2023-03": 5925, "2023-04": 5876, "2023-05": 6119, "2023-06": 5928, "2023-07": 5672, "2023-08": 5846, "2023-09": 5773, "2023-10": 5765, "2023-11": 5535, "2023-12": 5583, "2024-01": 5591, "2024-02": 5618, "2024-03": 5452, "2024-04": 5469, "2024-05": 5492, "2024-06": 5137, "2024-07": 5430, "2024-08": 5204, "2024-09": 5427, "2024-10": 5228, "2024-11": 5155, "2024-12": 5292, "2025-01": 5238, "2025-02": 5236, "2025-03": 5333, "2025-04": 5391, "2025-05": 5328, "2025-06": 5327, "2025-07": 5225, "2025-08": 5145, "2025-09": 5244, "2025-10": 5180, "2025-11": 5019, "2025-12": 5272, "2026-01": 5347, "2026-02": 4899, "2026-03": 5535, "2026-04": 5215, "2026-05": 5252, "2026-06": 5332, "2026-07": 5054 } }, "joltsLayoffs": { "name": "Layoffs & Discharges", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "layoffs and discharges per month, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2026, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, via FRED JTSLDL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/JTSLDL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Total nonfarm involuntary separations initiated by the employer during the month. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from December 2000. The only official national count of layoffs; BLS does not record the reason for a layoff (the Mass Layoff Statistics program ended with May 2013 data). Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "2001": 2066, "2002": 1970, "2003": 2025, "2004": 1973, "2005": 1971, "2006": 1856, "2007": 1955, "2008": 2113, "2009": 2288, "2010": 1879, "2011": 1840, "2012": 1847, "2013": 1751, "2014": 1761, "2015": 1815, "2016": 1769, "2017": 1798, "2018": 1815, "2019": 1818, "2020": 3413, "2021": 1417, "2022": 1468, "2023": 1650, "2024": 1676, "2025": 1764, "2026": 1734 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2000-12": 2018, "2001-01": 2220, "2001-02": 1855, "2001-03": 2133, "2001-04": 1883, "2001-05": 2029, "2001-06": 2015, "2001-07": 2038, "2001-08": 2011, "2001-09": 2107, "2001-10": 2319, "2001-11": 2255, "2001-12": 1922, "2002-01": 1907, "2002-02": 1978, "2002-03": 1883, "2002-04": 1956, "2002-05": 1967, "2002-06": 2015, "2002-07": 2102, "2002-08": 1923, "2002-09": 2022, "2002-10": 1935, "2002-11": 1944, "2002-12": 2007, "2003-01": 2109, "2003-02": 2015, "2003-03": 1949, "2003-04": 1998, "2003-05": 2072, "2003-06": 2076, "2003-07": 2062, "2003-08": 2162, "2003-09": 1932, "2003-10": 1969, "2003-11": 1951, "2003-12": 2007, "2004-01": 2037, "2004-02": 1985, "2004-03": 2065, "2004-04": 2010, "2004-05": 1914, "2004-06": 1887, "2004-07": 1885, "2004-08": 1974, "2004-09": 2027, "2004-10": 1903, "2004-11": 2037, "2004-12": 1951, "2005-01": 2008, "2005-02": 2068, "2005-03": 2188, "2005-04": 1957, "2005-05": 2021, "2005-06": 2015, "2005-07": 1898, "2005-08": 1905, "2005-09": 2032, "2005-10": 1873, "2005-11": 1769, "2005-12": 1923, "2006-01": 1784, "2006-02": 1882, "2006-03": 1888, "2006-04": 1853, "2006-05": 1991, "2006-06": 1817, "2006-07": 1860, "2006-08": 1775, "2006-09": 1831, "2006-10": 1898, "2006-11": 1926, "2006-12": 1772, "2007-01": 1922, "2007-02": 1850, "2007-03": 1882, "2007-04": 2000, "2007-05": 1967, "2007-06": 1845, "2007-07": 1896, "2007-08": 2033, "2007-09": 2188, "2007-10": 1998, "2007-11": 1966, "2007-12": 1915, "2008-01": 1989, "2008-02": 1995, "2008-03": 1918, "2008-04": 1958, "2008-05": 1950, "2008-06": 2172, "2008-07": 2071, "2008-08": 2190, "2008-09": 2088, "2008-10": 2250, "2008-11": 2290, "2008-12": 2482, "2009-01": 2581, "2009-02": 2599, "2009-03": 2575, "2009-04": 2654, "2009-05": 2231, "2009-06": 2261, "2009-07": 2267, "2009-08": 2119, "2009-09": 2195, "2009-10": 2028, "2009-11": 1913, "2009-12": 2033, "2010-01": 1880, "2010-02": 1825, "2010-03": 1924, "2010-04": 1749, "2010-05": 1762, "2010-06": 2075, "2010-07": 2166, "2010-08": 1890, "2010-09": 1832, "2010-10": 1745, "2010-11": 1849, "2010-12": 1854, "2011-01": 1827, "2011-02": 1755, "2011-03": 1794, "2011-04": 1792, "2011-05": 1904, "2011-06": 1942, "2011-07": 1845, "2011-08": 1845, "2011-09": 1872, "2011-10": 1794, "2011-11": 1912, "2011-12": 1801, "2012-01": 1797, "2012-02": 1903, "2012-03": 1784, "2012-04": 1880, "2012-05": 1969, "2012-06": 1892, "2012-07": 1722, "2012-08": 1894, "2012-09": 1805, "2012-10": 1891, "2012-11": 1921, "2012-12": 1700, "2013-01": 1678, "2013-02": 1664, "2013-03": 1787, "2013-04": 1793, "2013-05": 1836, "2013-06": 1761, "2013-07": 1713, "2013-08": 1816, "2013-09": 1892, "2013-10": 1675, "2013-11": 1630, "2013-12": 1770, "2014-01": 1806, "2014-02": 1767, "2014-03": 1703, "2014-04": 1764, "2014-05": 1710, "2014-06": 1761, "2014-07": 1781, "2014-08": 1699, "2014-09": 1718, "2014-10": 1835, "2014-11": 1726, "2014-12": 1857, "2015-01": 1789, "2015-02": 1757, "2015-03": 1973, "2015-04": 1856, "2015-05": 1711, "2015-06": 1821, "2015-07": 1703, "2015-08": 1773, "2015-09": 1964, "2015-10": 1845, "2015-11": 1779, "2015-12": 1803, "2016-01": 1805, "2016-02": 1894, "2016-03": 1850, "2016-04": 1771, "2016-05": 1825, "2016-06": 1750, "2016-07": 1759, "2016-08": 1860, "2016-09": 1588, "2016-10": 1664, "2016-11": 1751, "2016-12": 1708, "2017-01": 1745, "2017-02": 1711, "2017-03": 1762, "2017-04": 1710, "2017-05": 1794, "2017-06": 1970, "2017-07": 1910, "2017-08": 1868, "2017-09": 1787, "2017-10": 1837, "2017-11": 1747, "2017-12": 1732, "2018-01": 1932, "2018-02": 1771, "2018-03": 1795, "2018-04": 1727, "2018-05": 1775, "2018-06": 1822, "2018-07": 1806, "2018-08": 1803, "2018-09": 1764, "2018-10": 1813, "2018-11": 1938, "2018-12": 1839, "2019-01": 1705, "2019-02": 1763, "2019-03": 1690, "2019-04": 1963, "2019-05": 1775, "2019-06": 1780, "2019-07": 1833, "2019-08": 1808, "2019-09": 1970, "2019-10": 1819, "2019-11": 1782, "2019-12": 1931, "2020-01": 1808, "2020-02": 1954, "2020-03": 12985, "2020-04": 9170, "2020-05": 2139, "2020-06": 2245, "2020-07": 1827, "2020-08": 1560, "2020-09": 1567, "2020-10": 1697, "2020-11": 2097, "2020-12": 1906, "2021-01": 1567, "2021-02": 1628, "2021-03": 1500, "2021-04": 1402, "2021-05": 1351, "2021-06": 1335, "2021-07": 1410, "2021-08": 1332, "2021-09": 1411, "2021-10": 1313, "2021-11": 1348, "2021-12": 1403, "2022-01": 1423, "2022-02": 1401, "2022-03": 1377, "2022-04": 1312, "2022-05": 1500, "2022-06": 1528, "2022-07": 1462, "2022-08": 1606, "2022-09": 1445, "2022-10": 1553, "2022-11": 1472, "2022-12": 1535, "2023-01": 1767, "2023-02": 1535, "2023-03": 1903, "2023-04": 1654, "2023-05": 1540, "2023-06": 1658, "2023-07": 1677, "2023-08": 1675, "2023-09": 1531, "2023-10": 1623, "2023-11": 1554, "2023-12": 1685, "2024-01": 1641, "2024-02": 1692, "2024-03": 1647, "2024-04": 1548, "2024-05": 1747, "2024-06": 1497, "2024-07": 1711, "2024-08": 1683, "2024-09": 1780, "2024-10": 1650, "2024-11": 1831, "2024-12": 1689, "2025-01": 1738, "2025-02": 1867, "2025-03": 1595, "2025-04": 1818, "2025-05": 1671, "2025-06": 1843, "2025-07": 1772, "2025-08": 1832, "2025-09": 1816, "2025-10": 1891, "2025-11": 1660, "2025-12": 1666, "2026-01": 1660, "2026-02": 1714, "2026-03": 1884, "2026-04": 1667, "2026-05": 1761, "2026-06": 1785, "2026-07": 1666 } }, "initialClaims": { "name": "Initial Jobless Claims", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "initial claims per week, seasonally adjusted, monthly average", "coverage": { "first": 1967, "last": 2026, "points": 60 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "US Employment and Training Administration, via FRED ICSA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ICSA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Initial claims for state unemployment insurance, weekly, seasonally adjusted, from January 1967. Stored as the average of the weeks in each month (the weekly file is the source); annual figure is the average of the twelve monthly values. The most timely official measure of layoffs.", "data": { "1967": 226721, "1968": 197404, "1969": 196633, "1970": 296763, "1971": 295754, "1972": 262742, "1973": 243567, "1974": 351788, "1975": 473417, "1976": 382883, "1977": 374267, "1978": 341367, "1979": 383333, "1980": 487450, "1981": 451554, "1982": 586033, "1983": 441188, "1984": 373683, "1985": 391854, "1986": 377442, "1987": 324767, "1988": 309167, "1989": 329342, "1990": 384675, "1991": 447038, "1992": 409258, "1993": 343379, "1994": 339979, "1995": 358446, "1996": 352004, "1997": 321583, "1998": 317300, "1999": 296954, "2000": 299246, "2001": 405246, "2002": 404283, "2003": 402154, "2004": 342117, "2005": 330988, "2006": 312092, "2007": 320683, "2008": 417708, "2009": 574279, "2010": 458808, "2011": 408679, "2012": 374863, "2013": 343625, "2014": 308054, "2015": 277963, "2016": 261958, "2017": 243863, "2018": 219454, "2019": 217679, "2020": 1385742, "2021": 461783, "2022": 213517, "2023": 223021, "2024": 222858, "2025": 226088, "2026": 210806 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1967-01": 209000, "1967-02": 229000, "1967-03": 260750, "1967-04": 263000, "1967-05": 235750, "1967-06": 232000, "1967-07": 227800, "1967-08": 212750, "1967-09": 216400, "1967-10": 216750, "1967-11": 206250, "1967-12": 211200, "1968-01": 215750, "1968-02": 210750, "1968-03": 195200, "1968-04": 199000, "1968-05": 199000, "1968-06": 193600, "1968-07": 196250, "1968-08": 199400, "1968-09": 191000, "1968-10": 186000, "1968-11": 183400, "1968-12": 199500, "1969-01": 191500, "1969-02": 196000, "1969-03": 189000, "1969-04": 184000, "1969-05": 181200, "1969-06": 192000, "1969-07": 208750, "1969-08": 198400, "1969-09": 194750, "1969-10": 199250, "1969-11": 205000, "1969-12": 219750, "1970-01": 247000, "1970-02": 258500, "1970-03": 268250, "1970-04": 325250, "1970-05": 310400, "1970-06": 296500, "1970-07": 286500, "1970-08": 285400, "1970-09": 318500, "1970-10": 333600, "1970-11": 325250, "1970-12": 306000, "1971-01": 298800, "1971-02": 284000, "1971-03": 293750, "1971-04": 287500, "1971-05": 292200, "1971-06": 296500, "1971-07": 293200, "1971-08": 325250, "1971-09": 320250, "1971-10": 297600, "1971-11": 287000, "1971-12": 273000, "1972-01": 271200, "1972-02": 263500, "1972-03": 262750, "1972-04": 263000, "1972-05": 267750, "1972-06": 273250, "1972-07": 297600, "1972-08": 253500, "1972-09": 256200, "1972-10": 251000, "1972-11": 250750, "1972-12": 242400, "1973-01": 228500, "1973-02": 222000, "1973-03": 227200, "1973-04": 239000, "1973-05": 240250, "1973-06": 238800, "1973-07": 242750, "1973-08": 258250, "1973-09": 246800, "1973-10": 241500, "1973-11": 253750, "1973-12": 284000, "1974-01": 305250, "1974-02": 318500, "1974-03": 311600, "1974-04": 293000, "1974-05": 297500, "1974-06": 305600, "1974-07": 309500, "1974-08": 341400, "1974-09": 360750, "1974-10": 396750, "1974-11": 457600, "1974-12": 524000, "1975-01": 535000, "1975-02": 544500, "1975-03": 546600, "1975-04": 525250, "1975-05": 498800, "1975-06": 495500, "1975-07": 442000, "1975-08": 452000, "1975-09": 445250, "1975-10": 421250, "1975-11": 400600, "1975-12": 374250, "1976-01": 371200, "1976-02": 348250, "1976-03": 360500, "1976-04": 370250, "1976-05": 391600, "1976-06": 393750, "1976-07": 390800, "1976-08": 388500, "1976-09": 407500, "1976-10": 409000, "1976-11": 389500, "1976-12": 373750, "1977-01": 401800, "1977-02": 450750, "1977-03": 360250, "1977-04": 367400, "1977-05": 380250, "1977-06": 361250, "1977-07": 361400, "1977-08": 367250, "1977-09": 368750, "1977-10": 359000, "1977-11": 353500, "1977-12": 359600, "1978-01": 351000, "1978-02": 383250, "1978-03": 349000, "1978-04": 326000, "1978-05": 327000, "1978-06": 324250, "1978-07": 350200, "1978-08": 348750, "1978-09": 322600, "1978-10": 328250, "1978-11": 330500, "1978-12": 355600, "1979-01": 357500, "1979-02": 358500, "1979-03": 358000, "1979-04": 415500, "1979-05": 348000, "1979-06": 360000, "1979-07": 379250, "1979-08": 393750, "1979-09": 385800, "1979-10": 402250, "1979-11": 413250, "1979-12": 428200, "1980-01": 414250, "1980-02": 418000, "1980-03": 433800, "1980-04": 529750, "1980-05": 615800, "1980-06": 607000, "1980-07": 559250, "1980-08": 528200, "1980-09": 482750, "1980-10": 438000, "1980-11": 412600, "1980-12": 410000, "1981-01": 413000, "1981-02": 428750, "1981-03": 407500, "1981-04": 410250, "1981-05": 416400, "1981-06": 433000, "1981-07": 430750, "1981-08": 450200, "1981-09": 473250, "1981-10": 492800, "1981-11": 511750, "1981-12": 551000, "1982-01": 535200, "1982-02": 533750, "1982-03": 556500, "1982-04": 587000, "1982-05": 583800, "1982-06": 599500, "1982-07": 576000, "1982-08": 629500, "1982-09": 660750, "1982-10": 652400, "1982-11": 594250, "1982-12": 523750, "1983-01": 501000, "1983-02": 488750, "1983-03": 480250, "1983-04": 496000, "1983-05": 468000, "1983-06": 444250, "1983-07": 408000, "1983-08": 435750, "1983-09": 408750, "1983-10": 402200, "1983-11": 392500, "1983-12": 368800, "1984-01": 351000, "1984-02": 339250, "1984-03": 345800, "1984-04": 369250, "1984-05": 360250, "1984-06": 361400, "1984-07": 360500, "1984-08": 389500, "1984-09": 395400, "1984-10": 419250, "1984-11": 407000, "1984-12": 385600, "1985-01": 370750, "1985-02": 391750, "1985-03": 380800, "1985-04": 398250, "1985-05": 392750, "1985-06": 392400, "1985-07": 378250, "1985-08": 404400, "1985-09": 408500, "1985-10": 405750, "1985-11": 393400, "1985-12": 385250, "1986-01": 366750, "1986-02": 369500, "1986-03": 381200, "1986-04": 385750, "1986-05": 386000, "1986-06": 370500, "1986-07": 362000, "1986-08": 407400, "1986-09": 395500, "1986-10": 383250, "1986-11": 363200, "1986-12": 358250, "1987-01": 345600, "1987-02": 348750, "1987-03": 333250, "1987-04": 336250, "1987-05": 331000, "1987-06": 322250, "1987-07": 319250, "1987-08": 325600, "1987-09": 309750, "1987-10": 300000, "1987-11": 306750, "1987-12": 318750, "1988-01": 335600, "1988-02": 318750, "1988-03": 305500, "1988-04": 312200, "1988-05": 313750, "1988-06": 308250, "1988-07": 321600, "1988-08": 314750, "1988-09": 304500, "1988-10": 291400, "1988-11": 290500, "1988-12": 293200, "1989-01": 289750, "1989-02": 303750, "1989-03": 322000, "1989-04": 311800, "1989-05": 324500, "1989-06": 333000, "1989-07": 341600, "1989-08": 334500, "1989-09": 336000, "1989-10": 363250, "1989-11": 336750, "1989-12": 355200, "1990-01": 361000, "1990-02": 358250, "1990-03": 345200, "1990-04": 361750, "1990-05": 355250, "1990-06": 362400, "1990-07": 367000, "1990-08": 384250, "1990-09": 394000, "1990-10": 425250, "1990-11": 446750, "1990-12": 455000, "1991-01": 439750, "1991-02": 484000, "1991-03": 498600, "1991-04": 467250, "1991-05": 447000, "1991-06": 428600, "1991-07": 418250, "1991-08": 431600, "1991-09": 424500, "1991-10": 422750, "1991-11": 445400, "1991-12": 456750, "1992-01": 439000, "1992-02": 442200, "1992-03": 429500, "1992-04": 418250, "1992-05": 417400, "1992-06": 418750, "1992-07": 442750, "1992-08": 407200, "1992-09": 417000, "1992-10": 377800, "1992-11": 362250, "1992-12": 339000, "1993-01": 345600, "1993-02": 338250, "1993-03": 351000, "1993-04": 354750, "1993-05": 343600, "1993-06": 342750, "1993-07": 350800, "1993-08": 341000, "1993-09": 339000, "1993-10": 349800, "1993-11": 341000, "1993-12": 323000, "1994-01": 359200, "1994-02": 348500, "1994-03": 335750, "1994-04": 344000, "1994-05": 359000, "1994-06": 340000, "1994-07": 342200, "1994-08": 336250, "1994-09": 330250, "1994-10": 333400, "1994-11": 328000, "1994-12": 323200, "1995-01": 333500, "1995-02": 337750, "1995-03": 340250, "1995-04": 350200, "1995-05": 370250, "1995-06": 366250, "1995-07": 371400, "1995-08": 356250, "1995-09": 362000, "1995-10": 371500, "1995-11": 377000, "1995-12": 365000, "1996-01": 374000, "1996-02": 377250, "1996-03": 386400, "1996-04": 359250, "1996-05": 344500, "1996-06": 342200, "1996-07": 337000, "1996-08": 331800, "1996-09": 342750, "1996-10": 339000, "1996-11": 336400, "1996-12": 353500, "1997-01": 339000, "1997-02": 320750, "1997-03": 319400, "1997-04": 327000, "1997-05": 323800, "1997-06": 325500, "1997-07": 320250, "1997-08": 330200, "1997-09": 315250, "1997-10": 310000, "1997-11": 314600, "1997-12": 313250, "1998-01": 321200, "1998-02": 319000, "1998-03": 315000, "1998-04": 311000, "1998-05": 311200, "1998-06": 338000, "1998-07": 333000, "1998-08": 312600, "1998-09": 304000, "1998-10": 310600, "1998-11": 316000, "1998-12": 316000, "1999-01": 326200, "1999-02": 301500, "1999-03": 302750, "1999-04": 308500, "1999-05": 301600, "1999-06": 294000, "1999-07": 298000, "1999-08": 290750, "1999-09": 289500, "1999-10": 290400, "1999-11": 281750, "1999-12": 278500, "2000-01": 288400, "2000-02": 293750, "2000-03": 274750, "2000-04": 271600, "2000-05": 282250, "2000-06": 291000, "2000-07": 295000, "2000-08": 312750, "2000-09": 300200, "2000-10": 301000, "2000-11": 334250, "2000-12": 346000, "2001-01": 340000, "2001-02": 371250, "2001-03": 387200, "2001-04": 396750, "2001-05": 394500, "2001-06": 397200, "2001-07": 398000, "2001-08": 398000, "2001-09": 435000, "2001-10": 480750, "2001-11": 447500, "2001-12": 416800, "2002-01": 408500, "2002-02": 399000, "2002-03": 415400, "2002-04": 429250, "2002-05": 409000, "2002-06": 387200, "2002-07": 386000, "2002-08": 393600, "2002-09": 409500, "2002-10": 407500, "2002-11": 392200, "2002-12": 414250, "2003-01": 395000, "2003-02": 411000, "2003-03": 427400, "2003-04": 436250, "2003-05": 424000, "2003-06": 421750, "2003-07": 411500, "2003-08": 400200, "2003-09": 395500, "2003-10": 382000, "2003-11": 363000, "2003-12": 358250, "2004-01": 360200, "2004-02": 360750, "2004-03": 342000, "2004-04": 348250, "2004-05": 336200, "2004-06": 349000, "2004-07": 343000, "2004-08": 340750, "2004-09": 337250, "2004-10": 334000, "2004-11": 328750, "2004-12": 325250, "2005-01": 343400, "2005-02": 311750, "2005-03": 332000, "2005-04": 323200, "2005-05": 327000, "2005-06": 325750, "2005-07": 324400, "2005-08": 315750, "2005-09": 382750, "2005-10": 352200, "2005-11": 317250, "2005-12": 316400, "2006-01": 295750, "2006-02": 290750, "2006-03": 301750, "2006-04": 303600, "2006-05": 332750, "2006-06": 305500, "2006-07": 318800, "2006-08": 314250, "2006-09": 316200, "2006-10": 315500, "2006-11": 326250, "2006-12": 324000, "2007-01": 317250, "2007-02": 322750, "2007-03": 309400, "2007-04": 320250, "2007-05": 304250, "2007-06": 315200, "2007-07": 313250, "2007-08": 320000, "2007-09": 313400, "2007-10": 328250, "2007-11": 336000, "2007-12": 348200, "2008-01": 338750, "2008-02": 346750, "2008-03": 363400, "2008-04": 359500, "2008-05": 366800, "2008-06": 383250, "2008-07": 398000, "2008-08": 433000, "2008-09": 464000, "2008-10": 475250, "2008-11": 519800, "2008-12": 564000, "2009-01": 572000, "2009-02": 644000, "2009-03": 659250, "2009-04": 627750, "2009-05": 612000, "2009-06": 598250, "2009-07": 566500, "2009-08": 559200, "2009-09": 547500, "2009-10": 525400, "2009-11": 494000, "2009-12": 485500, "2010-01": 479800, "2010-02": 485750, "2010-03": 470250, "2010-04": 469000, "2010-05": 459400, "2010-06": 460500, "2010-07": 459200, "2010-08": 475000, "2010-09": 453500, "2010-10": 446800, "2010-11": 426250, "2010-12": 420250, "2011-01": 426800, "2011-02": 401500, "2011-03": 406000, "2011-04": 420600, "2011-05": 422500, "2011-06": 418250, "2011-07": 412600, "2011-08": 409500, "2011-09": 417750, "2011-10": 402400, "2011-11": 389250, "2011-12": 377000, "2012-01": 377750, "2012-02": 363250, "2012-03": 366600, "2012-04": 381750, "2012-05": 373500, "2012-06": 379200, "2012-07": 372500, "2012-08": 373250, "2012-09": 381800, "2012-10": 368500, "2012-11": 401250, "2012-12": 359000, "2013-01": 353000, "2013-02": 353000, "2013-03": 351800, "2013-04": 347250, "2013-05": 347750, "2013-06": 344600, "2013-07": 346000, "2013-08": 333400, "2013-09": 314000, "2013-10": 358500, "2013-11": 328200, "2013-12": 346000, "2014-01": 326750, "2014-02": 335250, "2014-03": 321000, "2014-04": 322750, "2014-05": 313800, "2014-06": 313500, "2014-07": 301750, "2014-08": 302000, "2014-09": 295000, "2014-10": 288750, "2014-11": 291600, "2014-12": 284500, "2015-01": 287600, "2015-02": 301250, "2015-03": 284000, "2015-04": 286000, "2015-05": 274000, "2015-06": 273750, "2015-07": 277750, "2015-08": 275200, "2015-09": 269500, "2015-10": 267000, "2015-11": 268500, "2015-12": 271000, "2016-01": 279600, "2016-02": 266750, "2016-03": 263250, "2016-04": 266000, "2016-05": 274500, "2016-06": 265250, "2016-07": 259400, "2016-08": 263500, "2016-09": 251500, "2016-10": 255800, "2016-11": 245750, "2016-12": 252200, "2017-01": 244000, "2017-02": 230250, "2017-03": 233750, "2017-04": 227800, "2017-05": 239000, "2017-06": 248000, "2017-07": 250800, "2017-08": 247750, "2017-09": 272400, "2017-10": 242250, "2017-11": 247750, "2017-12": 242600, "2018-01": 235250, "2018-02": 221000, "2018-03": 225800, "2018-04": 221500, "2018-05": 221250, "2018-06": 222600, "2018-07": 209500, "2018-08": 208500, "2018-09": 205200, "2018-10": 213000, "2018-11": 225250, "2018-12": 224600, "2019-01": 222750, "2019-02": 222500, "2019-03": 211800, "2019-04": 209750, "2019-05": 218500, "2019-06": 225200, "2019-07": 208500, "2019-08": 211000, "2019-09": 209500, "2019-10": 212250, "2019-11": 224400, "2019-12": 236000, "2020-01": 215500, "2020-02": 210200, "2020-03": 2335250, "2020-04": 4663250, "2020-05": 2173400, "2020-06": 1490250, "2020-07": 1383500, "2020-08": 922400, "2020-09": 851750, "2020-10": 795400, "2020-11": 751250, "2020-12": 836750, "2021-01": 827800, "2021-02": 755000, "2021-03": 669250, "2021-04": 589000, "2021-05": 469200, "2021-06": 409500, "2021-07": 370000, "2021-08": 359750, "2021-09": 354750, "2021-10": 284400, "2021-11": 236500, "2021-12": 216250, "2022-01": 239200, "2022-02": 219000, "2022-03": 215000, "2022-04": 213000, "2022-05": 209750, "2022-06": 212500, "2022-07": 218200, "2022-08": 216500, "2022-09": 197500, "2022-10": 202600, "2022-11": 210750, "2022-12": 208200, "2023-01": 204500, "2023-02": 214750, "2023-03": 229000, "2023-04": 216400, "2023-05": 226000, "2023-06": 250750, "2023-07": 235200, "2023-08": 245000, "2023-09": 218600, "2023-10": 210250, "2023-11": 218000, "2023-12": 207800, "2024-01": 211500, "2024-02": 210000, "2024-03": 215200, "2024-04": 210250, "2024-05": 222000, "2024-06": 234800, "2024-07": 237250, "2024-08": 230600, "2024-09": 224500, "2024-10": 236250, "2024-11": 219200, "2024-12": 222750, "2025-01": 215000, "2025-02": 225000, "2025-03": 223000, "2025-04": 225750, "2025-05": 231800, "2025-06": 239000, "2025-07": 221500, "2025-08": 229600, "2025-09": 234000, "2025-10": 226750, "2025-11": 222400, "2025-12": 219250, "2026-01": 211800, "2026-02": 215750, "2026-03": 208000, "2026-04": 207750, "2026-05": 211600, "2026-06": 222500, "2026-07": 203250, "2026-08": 205800 } }, "indeedPostingsAll": { "name": "Job Postings Index (Indeed)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "index, February 1, 2020 = 100, monthly average of daily values, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 2020, "last": 2026, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "Indeed Hiring Lab, via FRED IHLIDXUS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IHLIDXUS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.hiringlab.org/data/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Indeed's count of US job postings, indexed to February 1, 2020 = 100 (the pre-pandemic baseline), published daily on FRED by Indeed Hiring Lab with a stated method (7-day trailing average, seasonally adjusted). Stored here as the average of each month's daily values so it compares with the monthly BLS series. One platform's postings, not a census of all vacancies; JOLTS Job Openings is the official measure. The series begins February 2020, so the pre-AI baseline is the 2020–2022 recovery.", "data": { "2020": 83.8, "2021": 131, "2022": 154.6, "2023": 130.8, "2024": 114.5, "2025": 105.2, "2026": 102.6 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2020-02": 100, "2020-03": 94.5, "2020-04": 68.2, "2020-05": 62.9, "2020-06": 70.1, "2020-07": 78.3, "2020-08": 83, "2020-09": 86.3, "2020-10": 90.5, "2020-11": 93.5, "2020-12": 94.8, "2021-01": 97.7, "2021-02": 103.2, "2021-03": 110.6, "2021-04": 122, "2021-05": 128.7, "2021-06": 133.4, "2021-07": 137.4, "2021-08": 139.1, "2021-09": 143.1, "2021-10": 147, "2021-11": 152.9, "2021-12": 157.2, "2022-01": 156.5, "2022-02": 159.2, "2022-03": 160.4, "2022-04": 159.8, "2022-05": 160.4, "2022-06": 158.6, "2022-07": 155.7, "2022-08": 153.4, "2022-09": 150.6, "2022-10": 148.5, "2022-11": 147.7, "2022-12": 144.4, "2023-01": 140.6, "2023-02": 136.6, "2023-03": 135, "2023-04": 136, "2023-05": 134.7, "2023-06": 131.8, "2023-07": 129.4, "2023-08": 128.5, "2023-09": 127, "2023-10": 124.9, "2023-11": 123.3, "2023-12": 121.3, "2024-01": 119.4, "2024-02": 118.2, "2024-03": 118.6, "2024-04": 118.5, "2024-05": 115.9, "2024-06": 114.2, "2024-07": 113.7, "2024-08": 113.4, "2024-09": 112.4, "2024-10": 110.1, "2024-11": 109.5, "2024-12": 110.3, "2025-01": 110.2, "2025-02": 109.3, "2025-03": 107.8, "2025-04": 106.8, "2025-05": 105.9, "2025-06": 105.3, "2025-07": 104.3, "2025-08": 104.8, "2025-09": 102.8, "2025-10": 101, "2025-11": 101.3, "2025-12": 102.9, "2026-01": 103.3, "2026-02": 104.6, "2026-03": 103.9, "2026-04": 102.7, "2026-05": 101.9, "2026-06": 100.8, "2026-07": 101.6, "2026-08": 101.9 } }, "indeedPostingsSoftware": { "name": "Software Postings Index (Indeed)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "index, February 1, 2020 = 100, monthly average of daily values, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 2020, "last": 2026, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "Indeed Hiring Lab, via FRED IHLIDXUSTPSOFTDEVE", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IHLIDXUSTPSOFTDEVE", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.hiringlab.org/data/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Indeed's US software-development job postings, indexed to February 1, 2020 = 100, published daily on FRED by Indeed Hiring Lab (7-day trailing average, seasonally adjusted); stored as the monthly average. The most-watched postings series for AI-exposed technical work; the level fell through 2022–2023 before ChatGPT was widely used, so the marker is a reference date, not a cause. Begins February 2020.", "data": { "2020": 79, "2021": 148.1, "2022": 195.8, "2023": 90.5, "2024": 69.5, "2025": 65.1, "2026": 72.4 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2020-02": 99.7, "2020-03": 98.2, "2020-04": 77.4, "2020-05": 66.5, "2020-06": 65.2, "2020-07": 67.3, "2020-08": 70.1, "2020-09": 72.9, "2020-10": 77.8, "2020-11": 83.6, "2020-12": 90, "2021-01": 93.4, "2021-02": 102.6, "2021-03": 112.3, "2021-04": 120.4, "2021-05": 131.3, "2021-06": 137.5, "2021-07": 145.7, "2021-08": 158.2, "2021-09": 173.6, "2021-10": 186.3, "2021-11": 202.5, "2021-12": 213.8, "2022-01": 216.1, "2022-02": 229.2, "2022-03": 228.8, "2022-04": 224.8, "2022-05": 226.7, "2022-06": 217.9, "2022-07": 202.1, "2022-08": 187.4, "2022-09": 174, "2022-10": 160.7, "2022-11": 147.1, "2022-12": 135.3, "2023-01": 126.3, "2023-02": 114.2, "2023-03": 102.6, "2023-04": 98.2, "2023-05": 97.4, "2023-06": 87, "2023-07": 83.5, "2023-08": 79.4, "2023-09": 77.3, "2023-10": 75.1, "2023-11": 73, "2023-12": 72.5, "2024-01": 71.8, "2024-02": 71.1, "2024-03": 70.8, "2024-04": 70.4, "2024-05": 69.2, "2024-06": 69.9, "2024-07": 70.1, "2024-08": 68.5, "2024-09": 69.4, "2024-10": 68.7, "2024-11": 67.3, "2024-12": 67.4, "2025-01": 67.5, "2025-02": 64.9, "2025-03": 62.3, "2025-04": 63.6, "2025-05": 62.7, "2025-06": 65.4, "2025-07": 65.5, "2025-08": 66.2, "2025-09": 64.8, "2025-10": 64.9, "2025-11": 66.2, "2025-12": 66.9, "2026-01": 68.1, "2026-02": 70.3, "2026-03": 71.6, "2026-04": 72.8, "2026-05": 74.1, "2026-06": 73.2, "2026-07": 75, "2026-08": 74.4 } }, "indeedPostingsCustomerService": { "name": "Customer Service Postings (Indeed)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "index, February 1, 2020 = 100, monthly average of daily values, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 2020, "last": 2026, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "Indeed Hiring Lab, via FRED IHLIDXUSTPCUSTSERV", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IHLIDXUSTPCUSTSERV", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/hiring-lab/job_postings_tracker", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Indeed's US customer-service job postings (an Indeed title-based category, not SOC), indexed to February 1, 2020 = 100, published daily on FRED by Indeed Hiring Lab (7-day trailing average, seasonally adjusted); stored as the monthly average. Begins February 2020. Indeed revised its seasonal-adjustment method in November 2024 and restated history.", "data": { "2020": 81.8, "2021": 127.3, "2022": 132.3, "2023": 106.9, "2024": 93.4, "2025": 85.9, "2026": 89.8 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2020-02": 99.5, "2020-03": 92.5, "2020-04": 63.5, "2020-05": 57.5, "2020-06": 67, "2020-07": 76.8, "2020-08": 81.9, "2020-09": 86.7, "2020-10": 90.1, "2020-11": 92.6, "2020-12": 92.2, "2021-01": 94, "2021-02": 100.9, "2021-03": 109.7, "2021-04": 123.2, "2021-05": 130.8, "2021-06": 137.5, "2021-07": 139.5, "2021-08": 135.8, "2021-09": 137.9, "2021-10": 136.7, "2021-11": 139.8, "2021-12": 141.5, "2022-01": 138.2, "2022-02": 139.9, "2022-03": 140.1, "2022-04": 138.5, "2022-05": 136.5, "2022-06": 134.5, "2022-07": 130.2, "2022-08": 128, "2022-09": 127.3, "2022-10": 127.2, "2022-11": 125.8, "2022-12": 122, "2023-01": 115.7, "2023-02": 112.6, "2023-03": 108.6, "2023-04": 109.6, "2023-05": 109.5, "2023-06": 107.2, "2023-07": 104.8, "2023-08": 104.9, "2023-09": 104.8, "2023-10": 103, "2023-11": 101.5, "2023-12": 101.1, "2024-01": 98.6, "2024-02": 97.3, "2024-03": 97.2, "2024-04": 96.4, "2024-05": 94.4, "2024-06": 93.1, "2024-07": 94.5, "2024-08": 92.7, "2024-09": 89.8, "2024-10": 89.5, "2024-11": 89, "2024-12": 88.6, "2025-01": 87.2, "2025-02": 85.6, "2025-03": 84.2, "2025-04": 83.4, "2025-05": 82, "2025-06": 82.9, "2025-07": 84.3, "2025-08": 85.7, "2025-09": 89, "2025-10": 87.9, "2025-11": 87.8, "2025-12": 90.5, "2026-01": 91.7, "2026-02": 92.8, "2026-03": 91.1, "2026-04": 90.2, "2026-05": 88.8, "2026-06": 87.6, "2026-07": 88.4, "2026-08": 87.8 } }, "cesTemporaryHelp": { "name": "Temporary Help Jobs", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employees, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED TEMPHELPS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TEMPHELPS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "All employees in Temporary Help Services (NAICS 56132), the staffing-agency workforce that employers cut first and hire first — a long-known leading indicator of the labor cycle, not an AI-specific measure. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from January 1990. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "1990": 1156.2, "1991": 1124.5, "1992": 1211, "1993": 1387.5, "1994": 1629.6, "1995": 1744.8, "1996": 1849.2, "1997": 2059.3, "1998": 2242.7, "1999": 2467.7, "2000": 2636.7, "2001": 2341.2, "2002": 2194.4, "2003": 2223.8, "2004": 2385.5, "2005": 2546.1, "2006": 2638.9, "2007": 2599, "2008": 2354.8, "2009": 1824.2, "2010": 2091.9, "2011": 2311.6, "2012": 2495.4, "2013": 2618.8, "2014": 2760.8, "2015": 2875.3, "2016": 2887.1, "2017": 2938.6, "2018": 2991.4, "2019": 2956.4, "2020": 2519.7, "2021": 2902.5, "2022": 3089.3, "2023": 2844.7, "2024": 2611.5, "2025": 2497, "2026": 2492.8 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1990-01": 1160.2, "1990-02": 1165.2, "1990-03": 1169.5, "1990-04": 1163.5, "1990-05": 1161.1, "1990-06": 1162.8, "1990-07": 1166.9, "1990-08": 1159.4, "1990-09": 1164.1, "1990-10": 1140.5, "1990-11": 1135.2, "1990-12": 1125.8, "1991-01": 1144.6, "1991-02": 1127.1, "1991-03": 1116.1, "1991-04": 1112.8, "1991-05": 1111.8, "1991-06": 1113.7, "1991-07": 1111.7, "1991-08": 1121.2, "1991-09": 1130.5, "1991-10": 1132, "1991-11": 1133.1, "1991-12": 1139, "1992-01": 1149.3, "1992-02": 1156.7, "1992-03": 1170.5, "1992-04": 1182.9, "1992-05": 1197.9, "1992-06": 1208.4, "1992-07": 1211.6, "1992-08": 1223.1, "1992-09": 1231.3, "1992-10": 1252.2, "1992-11": 1264.9, "1992-12": 1282.8, "1993-01": 1293.8, "1993-02": 1303.9, "1993-03": 1318.8, "1993-04": 1341.4, "1993-05": 1363.1, "1993-06": 1379.5, "1993-07": 1398.1, "1993-08": 1411.7, "1993-09": 1424.2, "1993-10": 1461.9, "1993-11": 1468.1, "1993-12": 1485.1, "1994-01": 1503.6, "1994-02": 1526.5, "1994-03": 1567.2, "1994-04": 1593.6, "1994-05": 1600, "1994-06": 1627.6, "1994-07": 1656.9, "1994-08": 1664.3, "1994-09": 1681.1, "1994-10": 1694.4, "1994-11": 1717.2, "1994-12": 1722.5, "1995-01": 1739.4, "1995-02": 1746.6, "1995-03": 1737.1, "1995-04": 1729.7, "1995-05": 1718.2, "1995-06": 1716.5, "1995-07": 1719.7, "1995-08": 1739.4, "1995-09": 1770.8, "1995-10": 1770.8, "1995-11": 1772, "1995-12": 1776.9, "1996-01": 1749.8, "1996-02": 1792.7, "1996-03": 1795.3, "1996-04": 1812.7, "1996-05": 1832.4, "1996-06": 1851.8, "1996-07": 1869.8, "1996-08": 1883.9, "1996-09": 1891.1, "1996-10": 1876.1, "1996-11": 1908.9, "1996-12": 1926.2, "1997-01": 1946.6, "1997-02": 1972.6, "1997-03": 2004.6, "1997-04": 2027.6, "1997-05": 2049.2, "1997-06": 2060, "1997-07": 2088.5, "1997-08": 2066, "1997-09": 2082.9, "1997-10": 2110.5, "1997-11": 2139.5, "1997-12": 2163.5, "1998-01": 2175.1, "1998-02": 2189.9, "1998-03": 2193.6, "1998-04": 2201.7, "1998-05": 2221, "1998-06": 2251.6, "1998-07": 2245.5, "1998-08": 2265.9, "1998-09": 2242.5, "1998-10": 2284.9, "1998-11": 2307.4, "1998-12": 2332.8, "1999-01": 2355.3, "1999-02": 2387.4, "1999-03": 2403.7, "1999-04": 2416.6, "1999-05": 2434.9, "1999-06": 2454.2, "1999-07": 2475, "1999-08": 2482.6, "1999-09": 2475.5, "1999-10": 2550.5, "1999-11": 2573, "1999-12": 2603.5, "2000-01": 2620, "2000-02": 2622.7, "2000-03": 2645.4, "2000-04": 2681.5, "2000-05": 2649.1, "2000-06": 2649.4, "2000-07": 2644.5, "2000-08": 2635.5, "2000-09": 2640, "2000-10": 2630.1, "2000-11": 2634.4, "2000-12": 2587.2, "2001-01": 2566.4, "2001-02": 2533.7, "2001-03": 2485.3, "2001-04": 2402.1, "2001-05": 2380.5, "2001-06": 2342.9, "2001-07": 2314.2, "2001-08": 2295.1, "2001-09": 2259, "2001-10": 2218.6, "2001-11": 2158, "2001-12": 2138.2, "2002-01": 2147.3, "2002-02": 2156.6, "2002-03": 2190.5, "2002-04": 2216.8, "2002-05": 2226.1, "2002-06": 2230.1, "2002-07": 2188.5, "2002-08": 2231.2, "2002-09": 2207.6, "2002-10": 2202.6, "2002-11": 2176.3, "2002-12": 2159.3, "2003-01": 2196.8, "2003-02": 2180.9, "2003-03": 2166.6, "2003-04": 2143, "2003-05": 2190, "2003-06": 2221.9, "2003-07": 2247.3, "2003-08": 2246.5, "2003-09": 2260.9, "2003-10": 2261.5, "2003-11": 2275.8, "2003-12": 2294.7, "2004-01": 2298, "2004-02": 2310.2, "2004-03": 2313.7, "2004-04": 2352.7, "2004-05": 2381.3, "2004-06": 2383.6, "2004-07": 2396.8, "2004-08": 2403.3, "2004-09": 2419.3, "2004-10": 2477.1, "2004-11": 2459.4, "2004-12": 2430.2, "2005-01": 2459.4, "2005-02": 2491.5, "2005-03": 2491.9, "2005-04": 2508.2, "2005-05": 2505.9, "2005-06": 2529.3, "2005-07": 2538.8, "2005-08": 2558.5, "2005-09": 2600.1, "2005-10": 2604.8, "2005-11": 2630.9, "2005-12": 2633.5, "2006-01": 2624.2, "2006-02": 2631.9, "2006-03": 2640.3, "2006-04": 2636, "2006-05": 2654.3, "2006-06": 2648.7, "2006-07": 2642.5, "2006-08": 2651.4, "2006-09": 2642.7, "2006-10": 2630.3, "2006-11": 2626.8, "2006-12": 2637.5, "2007-01": 2652.7, "2007-02": 2642.9, "2007-03": 2646.7, "2007-04": 2629.6, "2007-05": 2611.4, "2007-06": 2604.3, "2007-07": 2593.1, "2007-08": 2586.7, "2007-09": 2557, "2007-10": 2568, "2007-11": 2553.5, "2007-12": 2541.9, "2008-01": 2548.8, "2008-02": 2505.9, "2008-03": 2485.8, "2008-04": 2463.2, "2008-05": 2428, "2008-06": 2403.1, "2008-07": 2369.5, "2008-08": 2338.8, "2008-09": 2305.9, "2008-10": 2231.2, "2008-11": 2127.1, "2008-12": 2050.5, "2009-01": 1967, "2009-02": 1898.3, "2009-03": 1835.8, "2009-04": 1778.1, "2009-05": 1773.7, "2009-06": 1753.8, "2009-07": 1762.3, "2009-08": 1758.7, "2009-09": 1778.3, "2009-10": 1811.2, "2009-11": 1868.2, "2009-12": 1905.5, "2010-01": 1954.6, "2010-02": 1965.5, "2010-03": 1993, "2010-04": 2021.7, "2010-05": 2066.1, "2010-06": 2093.8, "2010-07": 2097.4, "2010-08": 2118, "2010-09": 2147, "2010-10": 2180.5, "2010-11": 2206.2, "2010-12": 2259.2, "2011-01": 2231.7, "2011-02": 2266, "2011-03": 2297.2, "2011-04": 2292.2, "2011-05": 2294.1, "2011-06": 2282.2, "2011-07": 2273.4, "2011-08": 2314.5, "2011-09": 2344.9, "2011-10": 2363.1, "2011-11": 2376.1, "2011-12": 2404.3, "2012-01": 2428.9, "2012-02": 2470.9, "2012-03": 2466.4, "2012-04": 2472.5, "2012-05": 2482.4, "2012-06": 2505.9, "2012-07": 2516.4, "2012-08": 2519.9, "2012-09": 2489.5, "2012-10": 2516.3, "2012-11": 2535.8, "2012-12": 2539.4, "2013-01": 2551.6, "2013-02": 2568.2, "2013-03": 2587.8, "2013-04": 2600.9, "2013-05": 2610.2, "2013-06": 2622.8, "2013-07": 2624.4, "2013-08": 2634, "2013-09": 2639.4, "2013-10": 2640.6, "2013-11": 2660, "2013-12": 2685.2, "2014-01": 2675.6, "2014-02": 2702.7, "2014-03": 2715.1, "2014-04": 2726.9, "2014-05": 2737.3, "2014-06": 2751.2, "2014-07": 2768.4, "2014-08": 2787.3, "2014-09": 2808, "2014-10": 2808.8, "2014-11": 2815.5, "2014-12": 2833.3, "2015-01": 2838.3, "2015-02": 2839.1, "2015-03": 2842.5, "2015-04": 2850.3, "2015-05": 2872.5, "2015-06": 2885.1, "2015-07": 2884.7, "2015-08": 2887.3, "2015-09": 2882.8, "2015-10": 2895, "2015-11": 2894.1, "2015-12": 2932, "2016-01": 2888.6, "2016-02": 2885.5, "2016-03": 2885.6, "2016-04": 2878.8, "2016-05": 2861.9, "2016-06": 2877.9, "2016-07": 2882, "2016-08": 2878.7, "2016-09": 2901.3, "2016-10": 2894.6, "2016-11": 2903.4, "2016-12": 2906.8, "2017-01": 2908.8, "2017-02": 2903.7, "2017-03": 2910.9, "2017-04": 2907.8, "2017-05": 2933.7, "2017-06": 2946.5, "2017-07": 2955, "2017-08": 2955.1, "2017-09": 2946.5, "2017-10": 2962, "2017-11": 2965.1, "2017-12": 2968.4, "2018-01": 2971.9, "2018-02": 2982.9, "2018-03": 2986.6, "2018-04": 2994.2, "2018-05": 2995, "2018-06": 2996.3, "2018-07": 2995.9, "2018-08": 2999.2, "2018-09": 3000.2, "2018-10": 3001, "2018-11": 2993.8, "2018-12": 2979.3, "2019-01": 2953.4, "2019-02": 2940.5, "2019-03": 2935.6, "2019-04": 2953.8, "2019-05": 2960.3, "2019-06": 2964.6, "2019-07": 2961.6, "2019-08": 2974, "2019-09": 2981.9, "2019-10": 2963.4, "2019-11": 2951.1, "2019-12": 2936.6, "2020-01": 2917.3, "2020-02": 2888.1, "2020-03": 2867.9, "2020-04": 1950.4, "2020-05": 2030.4, "2020-06": 2224.1, "2020-07": 2361, "2020-08": 2478.1, "2020-09": 2498.7, "2020-10": 2595.2, "2020-11": 2675.6, "2020-12": 2749.8, "2021-01": 2804.9, "2021-02": 2829.9, "2021-03": 2868.9, "2021-04": 2816.8, "2021-05": 2806.6, "2021-06": 2856.9, "2021-07": 2889.3, "2021-08": 2896.3, "2021-09": 2906.2, "2021-10": 3023.4, "2021-11": 3050.6, "2021-12": 3079.9, "2022-01": 3077.4, "2022-02": 3147, "2022-03": 3161.4, "2022-04": 3132.6, "2022-05": 3113, "2022-06": 3106.9, "2022-07": 3095.1, "2022-08": 3080.8, "2022-09": 3081.6, "2022-10": 3070.5, "2022-11": 3036.7, "2022-12": 2968.6, "2023-01": 2967.3, "2023-02": 2949.3, "2023-03": 2921, "2023-04": 2906.8, "2023-05": 2898.8, "2023-06": 2867.8, "2023-07": 2833.9, "2023-08": 2809.8, "2023-09": 2787.6, "2023-10": 2773, "2023-11": 2734.7, "2023-12": 2685.8, "2024-01": 2694.4, "2024-02": 2676.3, "2024-03": 2670.3, "2024-04": 2655.1, "2024-05": 2641.5, "2024-06": 2615.6, "2024-07": 2598.3, "2024-08": 2582.7, "2024-09": 2564, "2024-10": 2547.8, "2024-11": 2550, "2024-12": 2541.9, "2025-01": 2539.3, "2025-02": 2533, "2025-03": 2528.3, "2025-04": 2527.5, "2025-05": 2513.1, "2025-06": 2504.6, "2025-07": 2494.2, "2025-08": 2483.3, "2025-09": 2471.6, "2025-10": 2451.8, "2025-11": 2465.5, "2025-12": 2451.4, "2026-01": 2470.2, "2026-02": 2471.9, "2026-03": 2479.9, "2026-04": 2490.4, "2026-05": 2490.6, "2026-06": 2507.5, "2026-07": 2512.7, "2026-08": 2519.5 } }, "recentGradUnemployment": { "name": "Recent Grad Unemployment", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent, ages 22–27 with a bachelor's degree or higher, seasonally adjusted 3-month average", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "Federal Reserve Bank of New York, The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates", "sourceUrl": "https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/college-labor-market", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/research/interactives/data/college-labor-market/college-labor-unemployment-data.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Unemployment rate of recent college graduates (ages 22–27, bachelor's degree or higher, not enrolled in school), computed by the New York Fed from Current Population Survey microdata as a seasonally adjusted three-month moving average, monthly from January 1990 and published quarterly. The same file carries the rate for all workers (ages 16–65), shown on the site for comparison. The Fed notes October 2025 values are estimated because of missing survey data during the federal shutdown. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "1990": 3.63, "1991": 4.75, "1992": 4.82, "1993": 4.46, "1994": 4.15, "1995": 4.03, "1996": 3.78, "1997": 2.84, "1998": 2.77, "1999": 3.16, "2000": 2.77, "2001": 3.72, "2002": 4.6, "2003": 4.46, "2004": 4.28, "2005": 3.97, "2006": 3.55, "2007": 3.43, "2008": 4.05, "2009": 6.56, "2010": 6.99, "2011": 6.76, "2012": 5.49, "2013": 5.92, "2014": 5.27, "2015": 4.75, "2016": 3.93, "2017": 3.93, "2018": 3.69, "2019": 3.92, "2020": 7.98, "2021": 5.82, "2022": 4.1, "2023": 4.38, "2024": 4.79, "2025": 5.41, "2026": 5.63 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1990-01": 3.38, "1990-02": 3.04, "1990-03": 3.14, "1990-04": 3.56, "1990-05": 3.86, "1990-06": 3.88, "1990-07": 3.66, "1990-08": 3.69, "1990-09": 3.73, "1990-10": 3.73, "1990-11": 3.78, "1990-12": 4.11, "1991-01": 4.48, "1991-02": 4.79, "1991-03": 4.8, "1991-04": 4.64, "1991-05": 4.61, "1991-06": 4.76, "1991-07": 4.92, "1991-08": 4.82, "1991-09": 4.6, "1991-10": 4.71, "1991-11": 4.79, "1991-12": 5.11, "1992-01": 4.84, "1992-02": 4.86, "1992-03": 4.79, "1992-04": 4.52, "1992-05": 4.59, "1992-06": 4.42, "1992-07": 4.87, "1992-08": 4.93, "1992-09": 5.06, "1992-10": 4.99, "1992-11": 5.13, "1992-12": 4.87, "1993-01": 4.84, "1993-02": 4.6, "1993-03": 4.76, "1993-04": 4.68, "1993-05": 4.55, "1993-06": 4.2, "1993-07": 4.07, "1993-08": 4.04, "1993-09": 4.3, "1993-10": 4.33, "1993-11": 4.42, "1993-12": 4.74, "1994-01": 4.77, "1994-02": 4.46, "1994-03": 3.94, "1994-04": 3.94, "1994-05": 3.99, "1994-06": 4.21, "1994-07": 4.17, "1994-08": 4.27, "1994-09": 4.05, "1994-10": 4.14, "1994-11": 4, "1994-12": 3.81, "1995-01": 3.78, "1995-02": 4.1, "1995-03": 4.37, "1995-04": 4.7, "1995-05": 4.47, "1995-06": 4.39, "1995-07": 3.59, "1995-08": 3.52, "1995-09": 3.61, "1995-10": 3.98, "1995-11": 3.98, "1995-12": 3.82, "1996-01": 3.92, "1996-02": 3.86, "1996-03": 4.16, "1996-04": 3.57, "1996-05": 3.73, "1996-06": 3.46, "1996-07": 3.99, "1996-08": 3.83, "1996-09": 3.7, "1996-10": 3.54, "1996-11": 3.72, "1996-12": 3.88, "1997-01": 3.84, "1997-02": 3.55, "1997-03": 3.13, "1997-04": 2.89, "1997-05": 2.65, "1997-06": 2.57, "1997-07": 2.5, "1997-08": 2.97, "1997-09": 2.95, "1997-10": 2.84, "1997-11": 2.08, "1997-12": 2.14, "1998-01": 2.25, "1998-02": 2.56, "1998-03": 2.63, "1998-04": 2.65, "1998-05": 2.73, "1998-06": 2.73, "1998-07": 2.8, "1998-08": 2.92, "1998-09": 3.13, "1998-10": 3.09, "1998-11": 3.01, "1998-12": 2.8, "1999-01": 2.71, "1999-02": 2.83, "1999-03": 2.68, "1999-04": 3.02, "1999-05": 2.89, "1999-06": 3.38, "1999-07": 3.46, "1999-08": 3.52, "1999-09": 3.19, "1999-10": 3.39, "1999-11": 3.43, "1999-12": 3.47, "2000-01": 3.03, "2000-02": 2.84, "2000-03": 2.92, "2000-04": 2.81, "2000-05": 3.06, "2000-06": 3.02, "2000-07": 2.99, "2000-08": 2.67, "2000-09": 2.45, "2000-10": 2.47, "2000-11": 2.51, "2000-12": 2.45, "2001-01": 2.49, "2001-02": 2.4, "2001-03": 2.9, "2001-04": 3.22, "2001-05": 3.65, "2001-06": 3.68, "2001-07": 3.67, "2001-08": 4.17, "2001-09": 4.69, "2001-10": 4.79, "2001-11": 4.51, "2001-12": 4.54, "2002-01": 4.87, "2002-02": 5.32, "2002-03": 4.96, "2002-04": 4.62, "2002-05": 4.29, "2002-06": 4.18, "2002-07": 4.31, "2002-08": 4.21, "2002-09": 4.43, "2002-10": 4.64, "2002-11": 4.68, "2002-12": 4.66, "2003-01": 4.83, "2003-02": 4.88, "2003-03": 4.61, "2003-04": 4.2, "2003-05": 4.04, "2003-06": 4.21, "2003-07": 4.31, "2003-08": 4.46, "2003-09": 4.4, "2003-10": 4.41, "2003-11": 4.51, "2003-12": 4.63, "2004-01": 4.57, "2004-02": 4.55, "2004-03": 4.78, "2004-04": 4.83, "2004-05": 4.36, "2004-06": 4.18, "2004-07": 3.96, "2004-08": 4.14, "2004-09": 3.87, "2004-10": 3.81, "2004-11": 4.07, "2004-12": 4.27, "2005-01": 4.36, "2005-02": 4.07, "2005-03": 3.9, "2005-04": 3.86, "2005-05": 3.95, "2005-06": 3.83, "2005-07": 3.8, "2005-08": 3.74, "2005-09": 4.13, "2005-10": 4.11, "2005-11": 4.1, "2005-12": 3.79, "2006-01": 3.63, "2006-02": 3.63, "2006-03": 3.64, "2006-04": 3.55, "2006-05": 3.46, "2006-06": 3.43, "2006-07": 3.56, "2006-08": 3.43, "2006-09": 3.35, "2006-10": 3.59, "2006-11": 3.64, "2006-12": 3.63, "2007-01": 3.39, "2007-02": 3.29, "2007-03": 3.23, "2007-04": 3.12, "2007-05": 2.96, "2007-06": 3.23, "2007-07": 3.41, "2007-08": 3.75, "2007-09": 3.83, "2007-10": 3.8, "2007-11": 3.77, "2007-12": 3.41, "2008-01": 3.59, "2008-02": 3.63, "2008-03": 3.68, "2008-04": 3.51, "2008-05": 3.4, "2008-06": 3.54, "2008-07": 3.83, "2008-08": 4.3, "2008-09": 4.54, "2008-10": 4.78, "2008-11": 4.76, "2008-12": 5.04, "2009-01": 5.22, "2009-02": 5.76, "2009-03": 6.27, "2009-04": 6.78, "2009-05": 7.1, "2009-06": 7.16, "2009-07": 6.76, "2009-08": 6.68, "2009-09": 6.61, "2009-10": 6.73, "2009-11": 6.76, "2009-12": 6.84, "2010-01": 7.02, "2010-02": 6.89, "2010-03": 6.77, "2010-04": 6.92, "2010-05": 7.13, "2010-06": 7.09, "2010-07": 6.92, "2010-08": 6.58, "2010-09": 6.58, "2010-10": 6.68, "2010-11": 7.47, "2010-12": 7.88, "2011-01": 7.83, "2011-02": 7.34, "2011-03": 7.17, "2011-04": 6.75, "2011-05": 6.39, "2011-06": 6.28, "2011-07": 6.86, "2011-08": 6.89, "2011-09": 6.63, "2011-10": 6.35, "2011-11": 6.33, "2011-12": 6.24, "2012-01": 6.03, "2012-02": 5.71, "2012-03": 5.35, "2012-04": 5.09, "2012-05": 5.24, "2012-06": 5.42, "2012-07": 5.52, "2012-08": 5.61, "2012-09": 5.69, "2012-10": 5.53, "2012-11": 5.36, "2012-12": 5.36, "2013-01": 5.59, "2013-02": 5.87, "2013-03": 6.1, "2013-04": 6.33, "2013-05": 6.27, "2013-06": 6.14, "2013-07": 5.92, "2013-08": 6.01, "2013-09": 5.93, "2013-10": 5.87, "2013-11": 5.64, "2013-12": 5.43, "2014-01": 5.25, "2014-02": 5.18, "2014-03": 5.42, "2014-04": 5.34, "2014-05": 5.02, "2014-06": 4.92, "2014-07": 5.39, "2014-08": 5.56, "2014-09": 5.38, "2014-10": 5, "2014-11": 5.22, "2014-12": 5.57, "2015-01": 5.7, "2015-02": 5.62, "2015-03": 5.08, "2015-04": 4.8, "2015-05": 4.58, "2015-06": 4.44, "2015-07": 4.34, "2015-08": 4.22, "2015-09": 4.56, "2015-10": 4.59, "2015-11": 4.65, "2015-12": 4.38, "2016-01": 3.98, "2016-02": 3.72, "2016-03": 3.68, "2016-04": 3.84, "2016-05": 3.86, "2016-06": 3.98, "2016-07": 3.98, "2016-08": 4.38, "2016-09": 4.1, "2016-10": 4.14, "2016-11": 3.7, "2016-12": 3.77, "2017-01": 3.85, "2017-02": 4.07, "2017-03": 4.22, "2017-04": 4.35, "2017-05": 4.22, "2017-06": 4.05, "2017-07": 3.79, "2017-08": 3.73, "2017-09": 3.8, "2017-10": 3.84, "2017-11": 3.76, "2017-12": 3.49, "2018-01": 3.43, "2018-02": 3.54, "2018-03": 3.77, "2018-04": 3.71, "2018-05": 3.65, "2018-06": 3.57, "2018-07": 3.54, "2018-08": 3.53, "2018-09": 3.61, "2018-10": 3.82, "2018-11": 3.98, "2018-12": 4.09, "2019-01": 4.05, "2019-02": 3.84, "2019-03": 3.6, "2019-04": 3.47, "2019-05": 4.13, "2019-06": 4.27, "2019-07": 4.58, "2019-08": 4.16, "2019-09": 4.05, "2019-10": 3.78, "2019-11": 3.48, "2019-12": 3.6, "2020-01": 3.6, "2020-02": 3.78, "2020-03": 3.88, "2020-04": 7.43, "2020-05": 10.61, "2020-06": 13.41, "2020-07": 12.27, "2020-08": 10.73, "2020-09": 8.99, "2020-10": 7.51, "2020-11": 6.92, "2020-12": 6.67, "2021-01": 6.68, "2021-02": 6.62, "2021-03": 6.54, "2021-04": 6.29, "2021-05": 6.2, "2021-06": 6.18, "2021-07": 6.07, "2021-08": 5.66, "2021-09": 5.22, "2021-10": 4.98, "2021-11": 4.75, "2021-12": 4.67, "2022-01": 4.48, "2022-02": 4.22, "2022-03": 3.95, "2022-04": 3.93, "2022-05": 3.86, "2022-06": 4.19, "2022-07": 4.25, "2022-08": 4.27, "2022-09": 4.02, "2022-10": 3.88, "2022-11": 4.04, "2022-12": 4.05, "2023-01": 4.15, "2023-02": 4.07, "2023-03": 4, "2023-04": 4.1, "2023-05": 4.16, "2023-06": 4.33, "2023-07": 4.24, "2023-08": 4.32, "2023-09": 4.39, "2023-10": 4.79, "2023-11": 5.03, "2023-12": 4.92, "2024-01": 4.39, "2024-02": 4.27, "2024-03": 4.51, "2024-04": 4.59, "2024-05": 4.67, "2024-06": 4.66, "2024-07": 5.01, "2024-08": 5.33, "2024-09": 5.27, "2024-10": 5.17, "2024-11": 4.78, "2024-12": 4.79, "2025-01": 4.75, "2025-02": 5.3, "2025-03": 5.66, "2025-04": 5.81, "2025-05": 5.34, "2025-06": 4.89, "2025-07": 5.06, "2025-08": 5.19, "2025-09": 5.77, "2025-10": 5.81, "2025-11": 5.8, "2025-12": 5.57, "2026-01": 5.66, "2026-02": 5.77, "2026-03": 5.61, "2026-04": 5.5, "2026-05": 5.55, "2026-06": 5.7 } }, "recentGradUnderemployment": { "name": "Recent Grad Underemployment", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent working in jobs that do not typically require a college degree, ages 22–27 with a bachelor's degree or higher", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "Federal Reserve Bank of New York, The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates", "sourceUrl": "https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/college-labor-market", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/research/interactives/data/college-labor-market/college-labor-underemployment-data.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Share of employed recent college graduates (ages 22–27, bachelor's or higher) working in a job that does not typically require a college degree, by the New York Fed's O*NET-based classification of occupations, from CPS microdata, monthly from January 1990 (seasonally adjusted moving average), published quarterly. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "1990": 44.08, "1991": 44.46, "1992": 47.46, "1993": 46.53, "1994": 46.46, "1995": 44.36, "1996": 43.15, "1997": 41.56, "1998": 40.59, "1999": 39.47, "2000": 38.28, "2001": 37.83, "2002": 38.48, "2003": 41.39, "2004": 44.37, "2005": 43.14, "2006": 43.16, "2007": 42.04, "2008": 42.59, "2009": 44.17, "2010": 45.39, "2011": 43.94, "2012": 45.7, "2013": 46.46, "2014": 45.08, "2015": 44.93, "2016": 44.01, "2017": 43.66, "2018": 41.58, "2019": 41.51, "2020": 40.97, "2021": 40.87, "2022": 40.31, "2023": 39.71, "2024": 40.3, "2025": 41.4, "2026": 41.71 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1990-01": 42.92, "1990-02": 43.24, "1990-03": 43.28, "1990-04": 44.53, "1990-05": 44.77, "1990-06": 45.04, "1990-07": 44.39, "1990-08": 43.81, "1990-09": 43.92, "1990-10": 44.14, "1990-11": 44.27, "1990-12": 44.62, "1991-01": 44.59, "1991-02": 44.63, "1991-03": 43.85, "1991-04": 43.5, "1991-05": 43.73, "1991-06": 44.12, "1991-07": 44.84, "1991-08": 44.35, "1991-09": 44.64, "1991-10": 44.61, "1991-11": 45.44, "1991-12": 45.21, "1992-01": 45.45, "1992-02": 46.38, "1992-03": 47.63, "1992-04": 48.02, "1992-05": 47.72, "1992-06": 47.27, "1992-07": 47.2, "1992-08": 47.25, "1992-09": 47.68, "1992-10": 48.15, "1992-11": 48.43, "1992-12": 48.34, "1993-01": 47.56, "1993-02": 46.91, "1993-03": 45.83, "1993-04": 45.83, "1993-05": 45.89, "1993-06": 46.44, "1993-07": 46.47, "1993-08": 46.77, "1993-09": 46.8, "1993-10": 46.62, "1993-11": 46.49, "1993-12": 46.71, "1994-01": 47.59, "1994-02": 48.08, "1994-03": 47.89, "1994-04": 47.32, "1994-05": 46.79, "1994-06": 47.11, "1994-07": 47.21, "1994-08": 46.54, "1994-09": 45.36, "1994-10": 44.47, "1994-11": 44.39, "1994-12": 44.77, "1995-01": 44.72, "1995-02": 44.94, "1995-03": 44.89, "1995-04": 45.02, "1995-05": 44.8, "1995-06": 44.59, "1995-07": 44.23, "1995-08": 44.41, "1995-09": 44.3, "1995-10": 44.17, "1995-11": 43.53, "1995-12": 42.76, "1996-01": 42.11, "1996-02": 42.09, "1996-03": 42.58, "1996-04": 43.35, "1996-05": 43.82, "1996-06": 44.21, "1996-07": 44.38, "1996-08": 43.93, "1996-09": 43.2, "1996-10": 42.81, "1996-11": 42.78, "1996-12": 42.59, "1997-01": 42.57, "1997-02": 41.99, "1997-03": 41.94, "1997-04": 41.56, "1997-05": 41.38, "1997-06": 40.97, "1997-07": 41.26, "1997-08": 40.79, "1997-09": 41.2, "1997-10": 40.95, "1997-11": 42.12, "1997-12": 41.94, "1998-01": 41.73, "1998-02": 40.73, "1998-03": 40.16, "1998-04": 39.42, "1998-05": 39.26, "1998-06": 39.63, "1998-07": 40.08, "1998-08": 40.44, "1998-09": 40.85, "1998-10": 41.22, "1998-11": 41.7, "1998-12": 41.83, "1999-01": 41.59, "1999-02": 41.54, "1999-03": 40.72, "1999-04": 40.66, "1999-05": 40.05, "1999-06": 39.55, "1999-07": 38.51, "1999-08": 38.12, "1999-09": 38.23, "1999-10": 38.4, "1999-11": 38.28, "1999-12": 37.99, "2000-01": 37.86, "2000-02": 38.03, "2000-03": 38.52, "2000-04": 38.85, "2000-05": 39.1, "2000-06": 38.05, "2000-07": 37.75, "2000-08": 37.07, "2000-09": 37.91, "2000-10": 38.65, "2000-11": 38.77, "2000-12": 38.8, "2001-01": 37.94, "2001-02": 37.39, "2001-03": 36.7, "2001-04": 36.57, "2001-05": 37.24, "2001-06": 37.88, "2001-07": 38.68, "2001-08": 38.7, "2001-09": 38.44, "2001-10": 37.92, "2001-11": 37.98, "2001-12": 38.55, "2002-01": 39.55, "2002-02": 39.76, "2002-03": 39.96, "2002-04": 38.8, "2002-05": 38.5, "2002-06": 37.85, "2002-07": 38.1, "2002-08": 38.14, "2002-09": 37.94, "2002-10": 37.57, "2002-11": 37.63, "2002-12": 37.99, "2003-01": 38.84, "2003-02": 39.35, "2003-03": 40.51, "2003-04": 41.53, "2003-05": 42.37, "2003-06": 42.44, "2003-07": 42.4, "2003-08": 42.48, "2003-09": 42.4, "2003-10": 41.8, "2003-11": 41.38, "2003-12": 41.17, "2004-01": 42.27, "2004-02": 43.33, "2004-03": 44.77, "2004-04": 45.52, "2004-05": 45.49, "2004-06": 44.83, "2004-07": 43.98, "2004-08": 43.66, "2004-09": 44.04, "2004-10": 44.59, "2004-11": 45.13, "2004-12": 44.82, "2005-01": 44.06, "2005-02": 43.7, "2005-03": 43.24, "2005-04": 43.29, "2005-05": 42.73, "2005-06": 42.63, "2005-07": 42.76, "2005-08": 42.6, "2005-09": 42.74, "2005-10": 42.82, "2005-11": 43.22, "2005-12": 43.88, "2006-01": 43.95, "2006-02": 43.48, "2006-03": 42.54, "2006-04": 41.86, "2006-05": 42.12, "2006-06": 43.03, "2006-07": 43.4, "2006-08": 43.64, "2006-09": 43.47, "2006-10": 43.56, "2006-11": 43.43, "2006-12": 43.39, "2007-01": 43.22, "2007-02": 43.01, "2007-03": 42.62, "2007-04": 42.03, "2007-05": 41.63, "2007-06": 41.27, "2007-07": 41.78, "2007-08": 42.28, "2007-09": 42.49, "2007-10": 42.02, "2007-11": 41.3, "2007-12": 40.84, "2008-01": 40.6, "2008-02": 40.94, "2008-03": 41.81, "2008-04": 43.01, "2008-05": 43.45, "2008-06": 42.9, "2008-07": 42.33, "2008-08": 42.55, "2008-09": 43.05, "2008-10": 43.32, "2008-11": 43.36, "2008-12": 43.77, "2009-01": 44.33, "2009-02": 44.54, "2009-03": 44.25, "2009-04": 44.13, "2009-05": 43.6, "2009-06": 43.59, "2009-07": 43.8, "2009-08": 44.07, "2009-09": 44.27, "2009-10": 44.15, "2009-11": 44.63, "2009-12": 44.63, "2010-01": 44.59, "2010-02": 44.62, "2010-03": 44.69, "2010-04": 44.75, "2010-05": 45.09, "2010-06": 45.5, "2010-07": 45.77, "2010-08": 45.85, "2010-09": 45.93, "2010-10": 46.09, "2010-11": 46.07, "2010-12": 45.77, "2011-01": 45.38, "2011-02": 44.4, "2011-03": 43.37, "2011-04": 42.79, "2011-05": 43.25, "2011-06": 44, "2011-07": 43.96, "2011-08": 43.61, "2011-09": 43.35, "2011-10": 43.7, "2011-11": 44.07, "2011-12": 45.45, "2012-01": 46.61, "2012-02": 47.44, "2012-03": 47.26, "2012-04": 46.5, "2012-05": 45.56, "2012-06": 45.17, "2012-07": 45.27, "2012-08": 45.3, "2012-09": 45.06, "2012-10": 44.68, "2012-11": 44.63, "2012-12": 44.92, "2013-01": 45.52, "2013-02": 45.75, "2013-03": 45.84, "2013-04": 45.85, "2013-05": 46.97, "2013-06": 46.54, "2013-07": 46.7, "2013-08": 46.28, "2013-09": 47.09, "2013-10": 47.41, "2013-11": 46.96, "2013-12": 46.61, "2014-01": 45.84, "2014-02": 45.59, "2014-03": 45.2, "2014-04": 45.25, "2014-05": 45.57, "2014-06": 46.13, "2014-07": 46.36, "2014-08": 46.06, "2014-09": 44.53, "2014-10": 43.74, "2014-11": 43.17, "2014-12": 43.5, "2015-01": 43.79, "2015-02": 44.36, "2015-03": 45.4, "2015-04": 45.46, "2015-05": 45.62, "2015-06": 45.18, "2015-07": 44.78, "2015-08": 44.48, "2015-09": 43.73, "2015-10": 44.48, "2015-11": 45.29, "2015-12": 46.59, "2016-01": 46.37, "2016-02": 45.04, "2016-03": 43.84, "2016-04": 43.29, "2016-05": 43.62, "2016-06": 43.29, "2016-07": 43.55, "2016-08": 43.7, "2016-09": 44.24, "2016-10": 43.87, "2016-11": 43.44, "2016-12": 43.88, "2017-01": 44.5, "2017-02": 44.9, "2017-03": 44.52, "2017-04": 44.17, "2017-05": 43.8, "2017-06": 43.17, "2017-07": 42.83, "2017-08": 42.85, "2017-09": 43.05, "2017-10": 43.61, "2017-11": 43.38, "2017-12": 43.12, "2018-01": 42.19, "2018-02": 41.64, "2018-03": 41.71, "2018-04": 41.88, "2018-05": 41.92, "2018-06": 42.02, "2018-07": 41.2, "2018-08": 40.79, "2018-09": 40.36, "2018-10": 40.99, "2018-11": 41.86, "2018-12": 42.46, "2019-01": 42.32, "2019-02": 41.81, "2019-03": 41.3, "2019-04": 41.14, "2019-05": 41.53, "2019-06": 41.22, "2019-07": 40.87, "2019-08": 40.38, "2019-09": 41.42, "2019-10": 42.06, "2019-11": 42.57, "2019-12": 41.55, "2020-01": 41.3, "2020-02": 41.34, "2020-03": 41.59, "2020-04": 40.48, "2020-05": 38.95, "2020-06": 38.11, "2020-07": 39.13, "2020-08": 41.12, "2020-09": 43.04, "2020-10": 43.4, "2020-11": 42.33, "2020-12": 40.89, "2021-01": 40.26, "2021-02": 40.05, "2021-03": 40.15, "2021-04": 40.48, "2021-05": 40.54, "2021-06": 40.67, "2021-07": 40.73, "2021-08": 41.26, "2021-09": 41.44, "2021-10": 41.64, "2021-11": 41.6, "2021-12": 41.64, "2022-01": 41.55, "2022-02": 41.34, "2022-03": 41.15, "2022-04": 41.16, "2022-05": 41.04, "2022-06": 40.83, "2022-07": 40.14, "2022-08": 40.11, "2022-09": 39.55, "2022-10": 39.59, "2022-11": 38.97, "2022-12": 38.3, "2023-01": 38.07, "2023-02": 38.5, "2023-03": 39.31, "2023-04": 39.53, "2023-05": 39.31, "2023-06": 40.11, "2023-07": 40.07, "2023-08": 40.52, "2023-09": 40.12, "2023-10": 40.32, "2023-11": 40.25, "2023-12": 40.39, "2024-01": 40.78, "2024-02": 40.91, "2024-03": 40.72, "2024-04": 40.7, "2024-05": 40.53, "2024-06": 40.69, "2024-07": 40.68, "2024-08": 40.71, "2024-09": 40.41, "2024-10": 39.66, "2024-11": 39.17, "2024-12": 38.62, "2025-01": 39.16, "2025-02": 40.22, "2025-03": 41.31, "2025-04": 41.23, "2025-05": 41.16, "2025-06": 41.48, "2025-07": 41.85, "2025-08": 41.72, "2025-09": 41.8, "2025-10": 42.21, "2025-11": 42.37, "2025-12": 42.26, "2026-01": 41.89, "2026-02": 41.56, "2026-03": 41.47, "2026-04": 41.58, "2026-05": 41.82, "2026-06": 41.95 } }, "canariesYoungExposed": { "name": "Young Workers in AI-Exposed Jobs (Stanford index)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employment index, ages 22–25 in the most AI-exposed occupation quintile, November 2022 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 2022, "last": 2026, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab, AI Economic Indicators (Brynjolfsson, Chandar & Chen, \"Canaries in the Coal Mine\")", "sourceUrl": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/project/indicators/canaries-dashboard/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://storage.googleapis.com/aviary-del-public/release_memos/latest/downloads/canaries_age_by_exposure_results.zip", "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/app/uploads/2026/08/Canaries_August2026.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Employment of workers aged 22–25 in the fifth of occupations most exposed to AI (Eloundou et al. exposure plus Anthropic usage), indexed to November 2022 = 100, from a balanced panel of firms using ADP payroll (3.5–5 million employees per month), published and updated monthly by the authors. The authors: \"early, descriptive indicators—canaries in the coal mine—rather than causal estimates\"; the patterns \"attenuate when controlling for education, show some divergent trends predating generative AI, and are more pronounced in the ADP analysis sample than in national survey benchmarks, with some evidence of consistent patterns in government administrative data.\" A research index from a balanced firm panel, not an official statistic; it begins August 2021, so there is no 2019 baseline, and because it is normalized to November 2022 the change since the marker is the index minus 100 by construction. The companion row for ages 35–40 is the comparison the authors draw.", "data": { "2022": 96.2, "2023": 98.8, "2024": 95.9, "2025": 91.7, "2026": 88.8 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2021-08": 87, "2021-09": 88.2, "2021-10": 90, "2021-11": 90.9, "2021-12": 91.8, "2022-01": 92.5, "2022-02": 92.8, "2022-03": 92.4, "2022-04": 93.4, "2022-05": 93.3, "2022-06": 95.7, "2022-07": 97.9, "2022-08": 97.8, "2022-09": 99.2, "2022-10": 99.7, "2022-11": 100, "2022-12": 99.8, "2023-01": 99.1, "2023-02": 99.3, "2023-03": 98.9, "2023-04": 98.3, "2023-05": 97.6, "2023-06": 99.6, "2023-07": 99, "2023-08": 98.6, "2023-09": 99.5, "2023-10": 99.2, "2023-11": 99.1, "2023-12": 97.6, "2024-01": 97.4, "2024-02": 97.2, "2024-03": 96.4, "2024-04": 95.5, "2024-05": 95.8, "2024-06": 96.1, "2024-07": 95.2, "2024-08": 95.7, "2024-09": 95.4, "2024-10": 95.5, "2024-11": 95.6, "2024-12": 94.4, "2025-01": 93.9, "2025-02": 93.2, "2025-03": 92.3, "2025-04": 91.2, "2025-05": 91.4, "2025-06": 91.5, "2025-07": 91.3, "2025-08": 91.3, "2025-09": 90.9, "2025-10": 91.8, "2025-11": 91.5, "2025-12": 90.6, "2026-01": 90.6, "2026-02": 89.8, "2026-03": 88.9, "2026-04": 87.9, "2026-05": 87.6, "2026-06": 88.1, "2026-07": 88.5 } }, "canariesMidCareerExposed": { "name": "Mid-Career Workers in AI-Exposed Jobs (Stanford index)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employment index, ages 35–40 in the most AI-exposed occupation quintile, November 2022 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 2022, "last": 2026, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab, AI Economic Indicators (Brynjolfsson, Chandar & Chen, \"Canaries in the Coal Mine\")", "sourceUrl": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/project/indicators/canaries-dashboard/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://storage.googleapis.com/aviary-del-public/release_memos/latest/downloads/canaries_age_by_exposure_results.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Same index as the young-worker row, for ages 35–40 in the most AI-exposed occupation quintile (November 2022 = 100): the comparison group in the authors' headline that young workers' employment in exposed occupations sits below where it would be had it kept pace with experienced workers. Same source, same caveats.", "data": { "2022": 97.4, "2023": 102.4, "2024": 105.8, "2025": 107.9, "2026": 109.2 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2021-08": 91.1, "2021-09": 91.5, "2021-10": 92.6, "2021-11": 93.2, "2021-12": 93.7, "2022-01": 94.8, "2022-02": 95, "2022-03": 95.4, "2022-04": 96, "2022-05": 96.3, "2022-06": 96.8, "2022-07": 97.7, "2022-08": 97.9, "2022-09": 99, "2022-10": 99.5, "2022-11": 100, "2022-12": 100.2, "2023-01": 100.9, "2023-02": 101.2, "2023-03": 101.5, "2023-04": 101.8, "2023-05": 102, "2023-06": 102.4, "2023-07": 102.3, "2023-08": 102.6, "2023-09": 103.1, "2023-10": 103.5, "2023-11": 104.1, "2023-12": 103.6, "2024-01": 104.7, "2024-02": 104.8, "2024-03": 105.1, "2024-04": 105.2, "2024-05": 105.6, "2024-06": 105.5, "2024-07": 105.4, "2024-08": 106.3, "2024-09": 106.1, "2024-10": 106.4, "2024-11": 107.2, "2024-12": 106.9, "2025-01": 107.4, "2025-02": 107.3, "2025-03": 107.2, "2025-04": 107.2, "2025-05": 107.8, "2025-06": 107.4, "2025-07": 107.6, "2025-08": 108.1, "2025-09": 108.3, "2025-10": 108.8, "2025-11": 109.1, "2025-12": 109.1, "2026-01": 109.6, "2026-02": 109.4, "2026-03": 109.1, "2026-04": 109.1, "2026-05": 109.1, "2026-06": 108.9, "2026-07": 109 } }, "yaleOccupationalChurn": { "name": "Occupational Churn (Yale index)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "dissimilarity index, percentage-point shift in the occupational mix over the prior 12 months, 12-month moving average", "coverage": { "first": 2023, "last": 2026, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "Yale Budget Lab, Tracking the Impact of AI on the Labor Market (from CPS microdata)", "sourceUrl": "https://budgetlab.yale.edu/research/tracking-impact-ai-labor-market", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/Budget-Lab-Yale/budget-lab-interactives/tree/main/tools/ai-labor-market-tracker", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "A Duncan dissimilarity index of how much the occupational composition of the US labor force has shifted against a rolling 12-month baseline, computed from monthly Current Population Survey microdata by the Yale Budget Lab and updated with each CPS release (repository data file, all sectors, rolling variant). The Budget Lab's reading on the tracker page (updated August 19, 2026): \"The occupational mix is not yet changing in ways that clearly align with the introduction of AI into the workforce.\" A rise would mean the mix of jobs is changing faster; it does not say why. Begins January 2022; October 2025 CPS is missing (federal shutdown).", "data": { "2023": 3.1, "2024": 2.87, "2025": 3.22, "2026": 3.43 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2022-11": 2.83, "2022-12": 2.91, "2023-01": 3.08, "2023-02": 3.14, "2023-03": 3.18, "2023-04": 3.14, "2023-05": 3.19, "2023-06": 3.17, "2023-07": 3.14, "2023-08": 3.03, "2023-09": 3.02, "2023-10": 3.01, "2023-11": 3.05, "2023-12": 3.03, "2024-01": 2.99, "2024-02": 2.96, "2024-03": 2.86, "2024-04": 2.78, "2024-05": 2.73, "2024-06": 2.74, "2024-07": 2.79, "2024-08": 2.79, "2024-09": 2.85, "2024-10": 2.91, "2024-11": 2.99, "2024-12": 3.06, "2025-01": 3.1, "2025-02": 3.12, "2025-03": 3.19, "2025-04": 3.15, "2025-05": 3.09, "2025-06": 3.13, "2025-07": 3.19, "2025-08": 3.29, "2025-09": 3.31, "2025-11": 3.41, "2025-12": 3.47, "2026-01": 3.42, "2026-02": 3.32, "2026-03": 3.42, "2026-04": 3.45, "2026-05": 3.47, "2026-06": 3.5, "2026-07": 3.42 } }, "cesComputerSystemsDesign": { "name": "Computer Systems Design Jobs", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employees, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED CES6054150001", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES6054150001", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "All employees in Computer Systems Design and Related Services (NAICS 5415) — the industry that employs most US software and IT services workers. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from January 1990. Subject to BLS's annual benchmark revisions; the annual figure is the average of the twelve months.", "data": { "1990": 413.5, "1991": 423.7, "1992": 448.6, "1993": 488.5, "1994": 535.2, "1995": 615.3, "1996": 705.6, "1997": 830.7, "1998": 979, "1999": 1137.1, "2000": 1258.9, "2001": 1302.2, "2002": 1157.5, "2003": 1121.2, "2004": 1153.7, "2005": 1200.9, "2006": 1290.8, "2007": 1378.7, "2008": 1446.1, "2009": 1428.7, "2010": 1455.3, "2011": 1542.6, "2012": 1628.5, "2013": 1709.7, "2014": 1798.2, "2015": 1915.6, "2016": 1993, "2017": 2051, "2018": 2118.3, "2019": 2194.5, "2020": 2196.2, "2021": 2310, "2022": 2453.6, "2023": 2468.8, "2024": 2439.1, "2025": 2399.4, "2026": 2369.6 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1990-01": 409.5, "1990-02": 410.6, "1990-03": 412, "1990-04": 413.2, "1990-05": 413.5, "1990-06": 413.6, "1990-07": 414.4, "1990-08": 415.1, "1990-09": 414.7, "1990-10": 414.8, "1990-11": 415.2, "1990-12": 415.9, "1991-01": 415.8, "1991-02": 416.2, "1991-03": 416.7, "1991-04": 419.7, "1991-05": 421.2, "1991-06": 423.5, "1991-07": 424.6, "1991-08": 426.3, "1991-09": 427.4, "1991-10": 429.3, "1991-11": 431.1, "1991-12": 432.9, "1992-01": 435.6, "1992-02": 438.1, "1992-03": 440.1, "1992-04": 441, "1992-05": 443.4, "1992-06": 445.4, "1992-07": 448, "1992-08": 449.9, "1992-09": 455.2, "1992-10": 458.3, "1992-11": 462.1, "1992-12": 465.5, "1993-01": 470.2, "1993-02": 474.3, "1993-03": 477.3, "1993-04": 480.9, "1993-05": 484.1, "1993-06": 486.8, "1993-07": 490.8, "1993-08": 492.7, "1993-09": 496.4, "1993-10": 499.9, "1993-11": 502.5, "1993-12": 506, "1994-01": 508.5, "1994-02": 510.8, "1994-03": 516.1, "1994-04": 520.8, "1994-05": 525.4, "1994-06": 531.4, "1994-07": 536.2, "1994-08": 542.5, "1994-09": 547.7, "1994-10": 554.1, "1994-11": 561.4, "1994-12": 567.2, "1995-01": 574.3, "1995-02": 580.8, "1995-03": 587.8, "1995-04": 593.7, "1995-05": 604.7, "1995-06": 612.6, "1995-07": 618.9, "1995-08": 627, "1995-09": 634.4, "1995-10": 642.6, "1995-11": 648.7, "1995-12": 657.5, "1996-01": 662.8, "1996-02": 668, "1996-03": 677, "1996-04": 683.3, "1996-05": 690.3, "1996-06": 697.4, "1996-07": 706.7, "1996-08": 716.1, "1996-09": 726.3, "1996-10": 735.3, "1996-11": 746.8, "1996-12": 756.7, "1997-01": 769.5, "1997-02": 781.7, "1997-03": 796, "1997-04": 805.4, "1997-05": 815.8, "1997-06": 825.7, "1997-07": 833, "1997-08": 847.8, "1997-09": 858.9, "1997-10": 868.5, "1997-11": 876.3, "1997-12": 889.7, "1998-01": 901.4, "1998-02": 914.1, "1998-03": 927.6, "1998-04": 941.4, "1998-05": 955.7, "1998-06": 970.9, "1998-07": 985.9, "1998-08": 1000, "1998-09": 1015.1, "1998-10": 1030, "1998-11": 1046.5, "1998-12": 1059.1, "1999-01": 1070.5, "1999-02": 1081.9, "1999-03": 1092.9, "1999-04": 1106, "1999-05": 1118.7, "1999-06": 1138.4, "1999-07": 1147.6, "1999-08": 1159.8, "1999-09": 1169.7, "1999-10": 1177.1, "1999-11": 1186, "1999-12": 1196.8, "2000-01": 1208.6, "2000-02": 1217.5, "2000-03": 1225.5, "2000-04": 1229.7, "2000-05": 1241.7, "2000-06": 1250.1, "2000-07": 1261.8, "2000-08": 1271.4, "2000-09": 1282.8, "2000-10": 1290.4, "2000-11": 1307.1, "2000-12": 1319.8, "2001-01": 1333.8, "2001-02": 1347.9, "2001-03": 1358.3, "2001-04": 1346, "2001-05": 1333.6, "2001-06": 1321, "2001-07": 1304.7, "2001-08": 1289, "2001-09": 1274.1, "2001-10": 1257.1, "2001-11": 1237.3, "2001-12": 1223.7, "2002-01": 1205.6, "2002-02": 1189.3, "2002-03": 1173.8, "2002-04": 1171.1, "2002-05": 1160.6, "2002-06": 1154.3, "2002-07": 1154.9, "2002-08": 1147.8, "2002-09": 1141.3, "2002-10": 1138.5, "2002-11": 1131.9, "2002-12": 1120.6, "2003-01": 1122.7, "2003-02": 1122.5, "2003-03": 1120.5, "2003-04": 1129.8, "2003-05": 1126.5, "2003-06": 1124.5, "2003-07": 1110.7, "2003-08": 1106.7, "2003-09": 1118.2, "2003-10": 1120.7, "2003-11": 1123.9, "2003-12": 1127.8, "2004-01": 1131.3, "2004-02": 1130.5, "2004-03": 1137.9, "2004-04": 1135.4, "2004-05": 1141.1, "2004-06": 1149.9, "2004-07": 1148.7, "2004-08": 1161.4, "2004-09": 1168.7, "2004-10": 1172.3, "2004-11": 1181.4, "2004-12": 1185.6, "2005-01": 1181.6, "2005-02": 1184.6, "2005-03": 1187.8, "2005-04": 1188.9, "2005-05": 1189.4, "2005-06": 1196.4, "2005-07": 1195.5, "2005-08": 1202, "2005-09": 1208.9, "2005-10": 1219.4, "2005-11": 1224.4, "2005-12": 1231.9, "2006-01": 1250.7, "2006-02": 1256.8, "2006-03": 1263.1, "2006-04": 1272.9, "2006-05": 1284, "2006-06": 1290.2, "2006-07": 1297.9, "2006-08": 1308.3, "2006-09": 1313.8, "2006-10": 1315.8, "2006-11": 1313.8, "2006-12": 1322.9, "2007-01": 1328.6, "2007-02": 1336.4, "2007-03": 1349.1, "2007-04": 1356.9, "2007-05": 1368.6, "2007-06": 1377.4, "2007-07": 1385.9, "2007-08": 1391, "2007-09": 1401, "2007-10": 1406.6, "2007-11": 1416.6, "2007-12": 1426.1, "2008-01": 1432.4, "2008-02": 1435.5, "2008-03": 1440.7, "2008-04": 1445.1, "2008-05": 1448.5, "2008-06": 1448.4, "2008-07": 1451.2, "2008-08": 1451, "2008-09": 1450.6, "2008-10": 1451.1, "2008-11": 1450.4, "2008-12": 1448.7, "2009-01": 1440.9, "2009-02": 1439.4, "2009-03": 1431.5, "2009-04": 1430.1, "2009-05": 1423.3, "2009-06": 1422.1, "2009-07": 1424, "2009-08": 1422.8, "2009-09": 1425, "2009-10": 1428.7, "2009-11": 1430.4, "2009-12": 1426.5, "2010-01": 1431.4, "2010-02": 1436.1, "2010-03": 1431.4, "2010-04": 1441.9, "2010-05": 1444.7, "2010-06": 1446.7, "2010-07": 1453.4, "2010-08": 1462, "2010-09": 1465.1, "2010-10": 1478.4, "2010-11": 1481.9, "2010-12": 1490.7, "2011-01": 1501.2, "2011-02": 1506.5, "2011-03": 1517.2, "2011-04": 1525.8, "2011-05": 1534.1, "2011-06": 1541.9, "2011-07": 1546.7, "2011-08": 1555.8, "2011-09": 1564.2, "2011-10": 1566.2, "2011-11": 1572, "2011-12": 1580, "2012-01": 1582.3, "2012-02": 1595.4, "2012-03": 1604.2, "2012-04": 1609.6, "2012-05": 1616.8, "2012-06": 1624.8, "2012-07": 1635, "2012-08": 1639.6, "2012-09": 1648.2, "2012-10": 1654.2, "2012-11": 1663.1, "2012-12": 1668.6, "2013-01": 1675.1, "2013-02": 1683.4, "2013-03": 1687.9, "2013-04": 1694.6, "2013-05": 1702.7, "2013-06": 1710, "2013-07": 1715.8, "2013-08": 1719.1, "2013-09": 1718.6, "2013-10": 1729.9, "2013-11": 1739, "2013-12": 1740.7, "2014-01": 1751.3, "2014-02": 1757.5, "2014-03": 1763.9, "2014-04": 1776.4, "2014-05": 1788, "2014-06": 1793.6, "2014-07": 1799.4, "2014-08": 1807.7, "2014-09": 1816.4, "2014-10": 1828.5, "2014-11": 1840.5, "2014-12": 1854.7, "2015-01": 1866.3, "2015-02": 1878.1, "2015-03": 1888.3, "2015-04": 1896.9, "2015-05": 1905.7, "2015-06": 1913.8, "2015-07": 1923, "2015-08": 1929.6, "2015-09": 1937.6, "2015-10": 1944.7, "2015-11": 1950.9, "2015-12": 1951.7, "2016-01": 1957.2, "2016-02": 1963, "2016-03": 1968.3, "2016-04": 1976.6, "2016-05": 1985.9, "2016-06": 1993.2, "2016-07": 1997.8, "2016-08": 1999.9, "2016-09": 2010.4, "2016-10": 2016.4, "2016-11": 2021.1, "2016-12": 2026.1, "2017-01": 2036.1, "2017-02": 2040.1, "2017-03": 2038, "2017-04": 2039.2, "2017-05": 2040.9, "2017-06": 2045.4, "2017-07": 2049.2, "2017-08": 2055.8, "2017-09": 2059.8, "2017-10": 2066.1, "2017-11": 2067.5, "2017-12": 2073.5, "2018-01": 2085.2, 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"category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employees, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 1939, "last": 2026, "points": 88 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED USINFO", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/USINFO", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "All employees in the Information supersector (publishing including software, media, telecommunications, data processing and web hosting). Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from January 1939. The 2022 NAICS revision moved software publishers within the sector without changing the total. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "1939": 1141, "1940": 1196, "1941": 1342, "1942": 1470, "1943": 1606, "1944": 1635, "1945": 1581, "1946": 1593, "1947": 1658, "1948": 1668, "1949": 1583, "1950": 1625, "1951": 1718, "1952": 1736, "1953": 1785, "1954": 1693, "1955": 1735, "1956": 1778, "1957": 1780, "1958": 1674, "1959": 1718, "1960": 1728, "1961": 1693, "1962": 1723, "1963": 1735, "1964": 1766, "1965": 1825, "1966": 1908, "1967": 1955, "1968": 1991, "1969": 2048, "1970": 2041, "1971": 2009, "1972": 2055, "1973": 2134, "1974": 2160, "1975": 2060, "1976": 2112, "1977": 2186, "1978": 2287, "1979": 2375, "1980": 2361, "1981": 2382, "1982": 2318, "1983": 2253, "1984": 2398, "1985": 2437, "1986": 2444, "1987": 2507, "1988": 2585, "1989": 2622, "1990": 2688, "1991": 2677, "1992": 2641, "1993": 2668, "1994": 2739, "1995": 2844, "1996": 2940, "1997": 3083, "1998": 3218, "1999": 3418, "2000": 3630, "2001": 3629, "2002": 3394, "2003": 3188, "2004": 3117, "2005": 3061, "2006": 3038, "2007": 3032, "2008": 2984, "2009": 2804, "2010": 2707, "2011": 2673, "2012": 2675, "2013": 2705, "2014": 2727, "2015": 2750, "2016": 2794, "2017": 2812, "2018": 2837, "2019": 2864, "2020": 2720, "2021": 2857, "2022": 3063, "2023": 3007, "2024": 2922, "2025": 2861, "2026": 2781 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1939-01": 1112, "1939-02": 1118, "1939-03": 1126, "1939-04": 1127, "1939-05": 1125, "1939-06": 1131, "1939-07": 1131, "1939-08": 1134, "1939-09": 1152, "1939-10": 1179, "1939-11": 1179, "1939-12": 1178, "1940-01": 1183, "1940-02": 1186, "1940-03": 1182, "1940-04": 1174, "1940-05": 1178, "1940-06": 1178, "1940-07": 1178, "1940-08": 1191, "1940-09": 1205, "1940-10": 1222, "1940-11": 1231, "1940-12": 1241, "1941-01": 1253, "1941-02": 1267, "1941-03": 1284, "1941-04": 1305, "1941-05": 1327, "1941-06": 1345, "1941-07": 1363, "1941-08": 1376, "1941-09": 1386, "1941-10": 1396, "1941-11": 1399, "1941-12": 1401, "1942-01": 1408, "1942-02": 1415, "1942-03": 1426, "1942-04": 1440, "1942-05": 1450, "1942-06": 1457, "1942-07": 1471, "1942-08": 1486, "1942-09": 1500, "1942-10": 1514, "1942-11": 1527, "1942-12": 1547, "1943-01": 1562, "1943-02": 1570, "1943-03": 1582, "1943-04": 1590, "1943-05": 1594, "1943-06": 1606, "1943-07": 1614, "1943-08": 1618, "1943-09": 1619, "1943-10": 1631, "1943-11": 1640, "1943-12": 1640, "1944-01": 1641, "1944-02": 1645, "1944-03": 1643, "1944-04": 1640, "1944-05": 1639, "1944-06": 1637, "1944-07": 1633, "1944-08": 1631, "1944-09": 1626, "1944-10": 1622, "1944-11": 1625, "1944-12": 1634, "1945-01": 1631, "1945-02": 1634, "1945-03": 1636, "1945-04": 1628, "1945-05": 1620, "1945-06": 1609, "1945-07": 1596, "1945-08": 1576, "1945-09": 1498, "1945-10": 1499, "1945-11": 1517, "1945-12": 1529, "1946-01": 1543, "1946-02": 1512, "1946-03": 1553, "1946-04": 1582, "1946-05": 1575, "1946-06": 1583, "1946-07": 1600, "1946-08": 1618, "1946-09": 1625, "1946-10": 1636, "1946-11": 1646, "1946-12": 1646, "1947-01": 1653, "1947-02": 1652, "1947-03": 1662, "1947-04": 1631, "1947-05": 1643, "1947-06": 1657, "1947-07": 1654, "1947-08": 1659, "1947-09": 1665, "1947-10": 1667, "1947-11": 1668, "1947-12": 1679, "1948-01": 1669, "1948-02": 1670, "1948-03": 1678, "1948-04": 1653, "1948-05": 1664, "1948-06": 1670, "1948-07": 1677, "1948-08": 1670, "1948-09": 1671, "1948-10": 1670, "1948-11": 1663, "1948-12": 1662, "1949-01": 1638, "1949-02": 1628, "1949-03": 1612, "1949-04": 1604, "1949-05": 1596, "1949-06": 1585, "1949-07": 1572, "1949-08": 1565, "1949-09": 1564, "1949-10": 1532, "1949-11": 1540, "1949-12": 1558, "1950-01": 1562, "1950-02": 1559, "1950-03": 1570, "1950-04": 1587, "1950-05": 1586, "1950-06": 1619, "1950-07": 1634, "1950-08": 1658, "1950-09": 1670, "1950-10": 1681, "1950-11": 1684, "1950-12": 1689, "1951-01": 1701, "1951-02": 1713, "1951-03": 1722, "1951-04": 1726, "1951-05": 1723, "1951-06": 1725, "1951-07": 1722, "1951-08": 1717, "1951-09": 1714, "1951-10": 1713, "1951-11": 1718, "1951-12": 1721, "1952-01": 1726, "1952-02": 1731, "1952-03": 1732, "1952-04": 1724, "1952-05": 1728, "1952-06": 1713, "1952-07": 1695, "1952-08": 1731, "1952-09": 1747, "1952-10": 1759, "1952-11": 1768, "1952-12": 1776, "1953-01": 1778, "1953-02": 1784, "1953-03": 1792, "1953-04": 1794, "1953-05": 1800, "1953-06": 1800, "1953-07": 1802, "1953-08": 1796, "1953-09": 1787, "1953-10": 1776, "1953-11": 1761, "1953-12": 1747, "1954-01": 1733, "1954-02": 1720, "1954-03": 1701, "1954-04": 1701, "1954-05": 1693, "1954-06": 1689, "1954-07": 1682, "1954-08": 1677, "1954-09": 1678, "1954-10": 1677, "1954-11": 1681, "1954-12": 1686, "1955-01": 1693, "1955-02": 1701, "1955-03": 1710, "1955-04": 1708, "1955-05": 1725, "1955-06": 1741, "1955-07": 1744, "1955-08": 1751, "1955-09": 1753, "1955-10": 1756, "1955-11": 1767, "1955-12": 1771, "1956-01": 1774, "1956-02": 1777, "1956-03": 1777, "1956-04": 1783, "1956-05": 1784, "1956-06": 1782, "1956-07": 1753, "1956-08": 1776, "1956-09": 1778, "1956-10": 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"1990-12": 2692, "1991-01": 2697, "1991-02": 2693, "1991-03": 2689, "1991-04": 2689, "1991-05": 2684, "1991-06": 2680, "1991-07": 2677, "1991-08": 2671, "1991-09": 2670, "1991-10": 2667, "1991-11": 2656, "1991-12": 2656, "1992-01": 2638, "1992-02": 2640, "1992-03": 2642, "1992-04": 2639, "1992-05": 2638, "1992-06": 2638, "1992-07": 2637, "1992-08": 2635, "1992-09": 2638, "1992-10": 2645, "1992-11": 2650, "1992-12": 2654, "1993-01": 2655, "1993-02": 2656, "1993-03": 2651, "1993-04": 2658, "1993-05": 2661, "1993-06": 2666, "1993-07": 2667, "1993-08": 2674, "1993-09": 2674, "1993-10": 2677, "1993-11": 2683, "1993-12": 2691, "1994-01": 2700, "1994-02": 2708, "1994-03": 2713, "1994-04": 2722, "1994-05": 2726, "1994-06": 2731, "1994-07": 2735, "1994-08": 2751, "1994-09": 2752, "1994-10": 2765, "1994-11": 2776, "1994-12": 2789, "1995-01": 2785, "1995-02": 2814, "1995-03": 2823, "1995-04": 2833, "1995-05": 2834, "1995-06": 2837, "1995-07": 2849, "1995-08": 2851, "1995-09": 2864, "1995-10": 2873, "1995-11": 2880, "1995-12": 2884, "1996-01": 2888, "1996-02": 2892, "1996-03": 2903, "1996-04": 2910, "1996-05": 2920, "1996-06": 2932, "1996-07": 2945, "1996-08": 2957, "1996-09": 2969, "1996-10": 2977, "1996-11": 2990, "1996-12": 2997, "1997-01": 3009, "1997-02": 3025, "1997-03": 3044, "1997-04": 3056, "1997-05": 3071, "1997-06": 3087, "1997-07": 3093, "1997-08": 3103, "1997-09": 3108, "1997-10": 3123, "1997-11": 3132, "1997-12": 3146, "1998-01": 3155, "1998-02": 3169, "1998-03": 3177, "1998-04": 3193, "1998-05": 3203, "1998-06": 3209, "1998-07": 3227, "1998-08": 3230, "1998-09": 3241, "1998-10": 3258, "1998-11": 3271, "1998-12": 3288, "1999-01": 3303, "1999-02": 3330, "1999-03": 3336, "1999-04": 3357, "1999-05": 3391, "1999-06": 3405, "1999-07": 3427, "1999-08": 3451, "1999-09": 3476, "1999-10": 3497, "1999-11": 3515, "1999-12": 3532, "2000-01": 3552, "2000-02": 3570, "2000-03": 3591, "2000-04": 3609, "2000-05": 3615, "2000-06": 3642, "2000-07": 3658, "2000-08": 3584, 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"2010-06": 2701, "2010-07": 2703, "2010-08": 2701, "2010-09": 2697, "2010-10": 2695, "2010-11": 2689, "2010-12": 2682, "2011-01": 2678, "2011-02": 2672, "2011-03": 2672, "2011-04": 2674, "2011-05": 2679, "2011-06": 2685, "2011-07": 2675, "2011-08": 2632, "2011-09": 2676, "2011-10": 2677, "2011-11": 2676, "2011-12": 2679, "2012-01": 2665, "2012-02": 2676, "2012-03": 2678, "2012-04": 2680, "2012-05": 2685, "2012-06": 2674, "2012-07": 2679, "2012-08": 2675, "2012-09": 2670, "2012-10": 2666, "2012-11": 2674, "2012-12": 2677, "2013-01": 2662, "2013-02": 2698, "2013-03": 2700, "2013-04": 2696, "2013-05": 2710, "2013-06": 2705, "2013-07": 2720, "2013-08": 2691, "2013-09": 2708, "2013-10": 2718, "2013-11": 2722, "2013-12": 2727, "2014-01": 2724, "2014-02": 2718, "2014-03": 2725, "2014-04": 2721, "2014-05": 2717, "2014-06": 2722, "2014-07": 2725, "2014-08": 2733, "2014-09": 2734, "2014-10": 2727, "2014-11": 2735, "2014-12": 2737, "2015-01": 2740, "2015-02": 2741, "2015-03": 2737, "2015-04": 2742, "2015-05": 2747, "2015-06": 2748, "2015-07": 2752, "2015-08": 2751, "2015-09": 2764, "2015-10": 2766, "2015-11": 2751, "2015-12": 2761, "2016-01": 2762, "2016-02": 2775, "2016-03": 2785, "2016-04": 2789, "2016-05": 2751, "2016-06": 2801, "2016-07": 2799, "2016-08": 2803, "2016-09": 2817, "2016-10": 2814, "2016-11": 2812, "2016-12": 2817, "2017-01": 2821, "2017-02": 2815, "2017-03": 2813, "2017-04": 2804, "2017-05": 2801, "2017-06": 2811, "2017-07": 2809, "2017-08": 2813, "2017-09": 2816, "2017-10": 2811, "2017-11": 2815, "2017-12": 2818, "2018-01": 2817, "2018-02": 2819, "2018-03": 2826, "2018-04": 2838, "2018-05": 2841, "2018-06": 2838, "2018-07": 2841, "2018-08": 2840, "2018-09": 2838, "2018-10": 2850, "2018-11": 2850, "2018-12": 2851, "2019-01": 2842, "2019-02": 2843, "2019-03": 2849, "2019-04": 2846, "2019-05": 2858, "2019-06": 2875, "2019-07": 2866, "2019-08": 2865, "2019-09": 2871, "2019-10": 2874, "2019-11": 2885, "2019-12": 2891, "2020-01": 2901, "2020-02": 2910, "2020-03": 2902, "2020-04": 2643, "2020-05": 2609, "2020-06": 2622, "2020-07": 2622, "2020-08": 2640, "2020-09": 2695, "2020-10": 2684, "2020-11": 2696, "2020-12": 2712, "2021-01": 2747, "2021-02": 2764, "2021-03": 2770, "2021-04": 2796, "2021-05": 2816, "2021-06": 2824, "2021-07": 2881, "2021-08": 2903, "2021-09": 2917, "2021-10": 2938, "2021-11": 2957, "2021-12": 2967, "2022-01": 2984, "2022-02": 2990, "2022-03": 3018, "2022-04": 3034, "2022-05": 3057, "2022-06": 3076, "2022-07": 3094, "2022-08": 3097, "2022-09": 3095, "2022-10": 3100, "2022-11": 3115, "2022-12": 3092, "2023-01": 3061, "2023-02": 3048, "2023-03": 3049, "2023-04": 3043, "2023-05": 3034, "2023-06": 3021, "2023-07": 3001, "2023-08": 2981, "2023-09": 2975, "2023-10": 2951, "2023-11": 2962, "2023-12": 2963, "2024-01": 2963, "2024-02": 2958, "2024-03": 2951, "2024-04": 2940, "2024-05": 2930, "2024-06": 2930, "2024-07": 2917, "2024-08": 2909, "2024-09": 2903, "2024-10": 2887, "2024-11": 2885, "2024-12": 2895, "2025-01": 2877, "2025-02": 2876, "2025-03": 2867, "2025-04": 2865, "2025-05": 2864, "2025-06": 2863, "2025-07": 2861, "2025-08": 2860, "2025-09": 2859, "2025-10": 2853, "2025-11": 2848, "2025-12": 2842, "2026-01": 2815, "2026-02": 2792, "2026-03": 2793, "2026-04": 2787, "2026-05": 2782, "2026-06": 2763, "2026-07": 2768, "2026-08": 2745 } }, "cesComputingInfrastructure": { "name": "Computing Infrastructure Jobs", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employees, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED CES5051800001", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES5051800001", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "All employees in Computing Infrastructure Providers, Data Processing, Web Hosting, and Related Services (NAICS 518) — the industry on the supply side of the AI buildout. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from January 1990. Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "1990": 211.4, "1991": 212.8, "1992": 219.6, "1993": 223.4, "1994": 226.9, "1995": 242.6, "1996": 252, "1997": 268.4, "1998": 282.8, "1999": 307.2, "2000": 315.8, "2001": 316.9, "2002": 303.9, "2003": 280.1, "2004": 267.4, "2005": 262.6, "2006": 263.1, "2007": 267.5, "2008": 260.2, "2009": 248.4, "2010": 243, "2011": 245.8, "2012": 254.9, "2013": 269.6, "2014": 279.5, "2015": 296.2, "2016": 303.4, "2017": 318.1, "2018": 330.9, "2019": 343.2, "2020": 362.6, "2021": 401.6, "2022": 465.7, "2023": 485.2, "2024": 481.4, "2025": 479.9, "2026": 462.2 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1990-01": 213.7, "1990-02": 213, "1990-03": 213.6, "1990-04": 212.4, "1990-05": 212.1, "1990-06": 212.5, "1990-07": 211.7, "1990-08": 209.7, "1990-09": 210.1, "1990-10": 210, "1990-11": 209.2, "1990-12": 209.3, "1991-01": 211.1, "1991-02": 210.5, "1991-03": 210.3, "1991-04": 210.9, "1991-05": 211.5, "1991-06": 212.7, "1991-07": 214.4, "1991-08": 214.7, "1991-09": 214.2, "1991-10": 214.4, "1991-11": 214.3, "1991-12": 214.8, "1992-01": 215.7, "1992-02": 217.3, "1992-03": 219.1, "1992-04": 218.4, "1992-05": 217.1, "1992-06": 217.5, "1992-07": 217.9, "1992-08": 219.5, "1992-09": 221.3, "1992-10": 222.7, "1992-11": 223.9, "1992-12": 224.3, "1993-01": 224.5, "1993-02": 225.3, "1993-03": 223.5, "1993-04": 222.9, "1993-05": 223.7, "1993-06": 223.8, "1993-07": 223.7, "1993-08": 223.3, "1993-09": 222.7, "1993-10": 221.4, "1993-11": 222.6, "1993-12": 222.9, "1994-01": 222.5, "1994-02": 222.3, "1994-03": 221.7, "1994-04": 223.7, "1994-05": 224.6, "1994-06": 226.4, "1994-07": 227.2, "1994-08": 227.8, "1994-09": 229.6, "1994-10": 231.7, "1994-11": 231.9, "1994-12": 233.3, "1995-01": 233.3, "1995-02": 236.7, "1995-03": 239.8, "1995-04": 241.1, "1995-05": 242.7, "1995-06": 241.9, "1995-07": 243.1, "1995-08": 244.6, "1995-09": 245.5, "1995-10": 246.5, "1995-11": 247.7, "1995-12": 248.5, "1996-01": 246.4, "1996-02": 249.7, "1996-03": 249.8, "1996-04": 250.1, "1996-05": 249.8, "1996-06": 250.1, "1996-07": 250.1, "1996-08": 253.2, "1996-09": 253.4, "1996-10": 255.3, "1996-11": 257.6, "1996-12": 259, "1997-01": 261.6, "1997-02": 262.8, "1997-03": 265, "1997-04": 266.3, "1997-05": 268.6, "1997-06": 271.1, "1997-07": 270.3, "1997-08": 269.6, "1997-09": 270.6, "1997-10": 270.8, "1997-11": 271.4, "1997-12": 273, "1998-01": 272.1, "1998-02": 272.5, "1998-03": 273.7, "1998-04": 275.2, "1998-05": 278.8, "1998-06": 282.7, "1998-07": 283.7, "1998-08": 285.2, "1998-09": 288, "1998-10": 291.1, "1998-11": 293.6, "1998-12": 296.5, "1999-01": 298.3, "1999-02": 301.5, "1999-03": 303, "1999-04": 305.2, "1999-05": 306.4, "1999-06": 307.8, "1999-07": 309.3, "1999-08": 310.3, "1999-09": 311, "1999-10": 310.9, "1999-11": 311.2, "1999-12": 311.2, "2000-01": 313.1, "2000-02": 313.2, "2000-03": 314.2, "2000-04": 316.8, "2000-05": 314.8, "2000-06": 317.1, "2000-07": 315.6, "2000-08": 316, "2000-09": 315.1, "2000-10": 316.3, "2000-11": 319.5, "2000-12": 318.1, "2001-01": 318.9, "2001-02": 319, "2001-03": 321.8, "2001-04": 318.4, "2001-05": 318.7, "2001-06": 317.5, "2001-07": 317.7, "2001-08": 316.3, "2001-09": 316.3, "2001-10": 314.7, "2001-11": 311.5, "2001-12": 312, "2002-01": 311.3, "2002-02": 310.3, "2002-03": 308.5, "2002-04": 307.6, "2002-05": 305.8, "2002-06": 304.1, "2002-07": 303, "2002-08": 302.8, "2002-09": 301.3, "2002-10": 300.9, "2002-11": 296.7, "2002-12": 294.3, "2003-01": 290, "2003-02": 287.5, "2003-03": 285.9, "2003-04": 284.3, "2003-05": 282.6, "2003-06": 280.4, "2003-07": 280.1, "2003-08": 277.6, "2003-09": 275.2, "2003-10": 273.9, "2003-11": 272.4, "2003-12": 271.2, "2004-01": 269.7, "2004-02": 268.3, "2004-03": 268.3, "2004-04": 268.4, "2004-05": 268.3, "2004-06": 269.3, "2004-07": 267.9, "2004-08": 265.6, "2004-09": 266.2, "2004-10": 265.4, "2004-11": 266, "2004-12": 265.2, "2005-01": 265.4, "2005-02": 265.3, "2005-03": 264.4, "2005-04": 263.1, "2005-05": 262.6, "2005-06": 261.8, "2005-07": 260.2, "2005-08": 261, "2005-09": 260.8, "2005-10": 262.3, "2005-11": 261.8, "2005-12": 262.4, "2006-01": 262.6, "2006-02": 262.8, "2006-03": 264.6, "2006-04": 261.9, "2006-05": 261, "2006-06": 264.3, "2006-07": 261.9, "2006-08": 262.3, "2006-09": 263.1, "2006-10": 262.7, "2006-11": 265.9, "2006-12": 264.2, "2007-01": 264, "2007-02": 264.6, "2007-03": 267.3, "2007-04": 268.3, "2007-05": 269.5, "2007-06": 268.3, "2007-07": 271.3, "2007-08": 268.5, "2007-09": 268, "2007-10": 267.5, "2007-11": 266.4, "2007-12": 266.5, "2008-01": 265.9, "2008-02": 266.2, "2008-03": 264, "2008-04": 263, "2008-05": 262.9, "2008-06": 261.2, "2008-07": 259.4, "2008-08": 257.9, "2008-09": 257.2, "2008-10": 256.4, "2008-11": 255.1, "2008-12": 252.7, "2009-01": 252.1, "2009-02": 250.1, "2009-03": 250.3, "2009-04": 249.8, "2009-05": 248.2, "2009-06": 248.4, "2009-07": 247.9, "2009-08": 250, "2009-09": 247.9, "2009-10": 245.8, "2009-11": 244.8, "2009-12": 245.6, "2010-01": 244.5, "2010-02": 245.1, "2010-03": 243.3, "2010-04": 243.5, "2010-05": 242.9, "2010-06": 242.4, "2010-07": 242.6, "2010-08": 241.5, "2010-09": 242.4, "2010-10": 242.4, "2010-11": 242.5, "2010-12": 242.9, "2011-01": 242.8, "2011-02": 242.6, "2011-03": 243.7, "2011-04": 244.1, "2011-05": 245.9, "2011-06": 245.6, "2011-07": 245.4, "2011-08": 246.1, "2011-09": 246.4, "2011-10": 247.6, "2011-11": 250.5, "2011-12": 248.3, "2012-01": 247.9, "2012-02": 249.6, "2012-03": 251.9, "2012-04": 252.1, "2012-05": 253.5, "2012-06": 253.8, "2012-07": 254.5, "2012-08": 257.1, "2012-09": 256.4, "2012-10": 259, "2012-11": 260.8, "2012-12": 262.1, "2013-01": 264.1, "2013-02": 265, "2013-03": 265.8, "2013-04": 266.6, "2013-05": 268.5, "2013-06": 270.4, "2013-07": 271.4, "2013-08": 271.5, "2013-09": 272.1, "2013-10": 272.1, "2013-11": 273.4, "2013-12": 274.5, "2014-01": 275, "2014-02": 275, "2014-03": 275.5, "2014-04": 276.4, "2014-05": 276.5, "2014-06": 277.1, "2014-07": 279.2, "2014-08": 280.7, "2014-09": 282.2, "2014-10": 284.7, "2014-11": 285.3, "2014-12": 286.9, "2015-01": 291.2, "2015-02": 292.3, "2015-03": 293.4, "2015-04": 292.8, "2015-05": 295.9, "2015-06": 297.3, "2015-07": 297.6, "2015-08": 297.9, "2015-09": 298.8, "2015-10": 298.1, "2015-11": 299.3, "2015-12": 299.3, "2016-01": 295.8, "2016-02": 297.4, "2016-03": 298.3, "2016-04": 300, "2016-05": 300, "2016-06": 302.5, "2016-07": 303.7, "2016-08": 306.5, "2016-09": 308.3, "2016-10": 309.4, "2016-11": 305.7, "2016-12": 313, "2017-01": 314.6, "2017-02": 312, "2017-03": 312.9, "2017-04": 314.5, "2017-05": 316.4, "2017-06": 317.2, "2017-07": 319.7, "2017-08": 320.6, "2017-09": 320.6, "2017-10": 321.9, "2017-11": 322.7, "2017-12": 324, "2018-01": 325, "2018-02": 328.2, "2018-03": 329.7, "2018-04": 330.9, "2018-05": 331.8, "2018-06": 333.3, "2018-07": 331.5, "2018-08": 330.4, "2018-09": 332.4, "2018-10": 333.2, "2018-11": 333.2, "2018-12": 331.5, "2019-01": 330.9, "2019-02": 333.9, "2019-03": 336.1, "2019-04": 336.9, "2019-05": 338, "2019-06": 340.4, "2019-07": 345.1, "2019-08": 347.9, "2019-09": 349.1, "2019-10": 351, "2019-11": 353, "2019-12": 355.8, "2020-01": 364.1, "2020-02": 363.8, "2020-03": 364.9, "2020-04": 360.1, "2020-05": 356.6, "2020-06": 364.2, "2020-07": 365.7, "2020-08": 355.4, "2020-09": 357.5, "2020-10": 365, "2020-11": 365.9, "2020-12": 367.6, "2021-01": 366.5, "2021-02": 372.1, "2021-03": 375.1, "2021-04": 386.5, "2021-05": 387.7, "2021-06": 399.6, "2021-07": 405.9, "2021-08": 412.8, "2021-09": 420.4, "2021-10": 427, "2021-11": 431.9, "2021-12": 433.8, "2022-01": 441, "2022-02": 445.6, "2022-03": 448.6, "2022-04": 455.1, "2022-05": 461, "2022-06": 464.4, "2022-07": 468.8, "2022-08": 473.7, "2022-09": 479.1, "2022-10": 481.7, "2022-11": 483, "2022-12": 485.8, "2023-01": 484.8, "2023-02": 483.6, "2023-03": 483.3, "2023-04": 485.2, "2023-05": 484.9, "2023-06": 485.5, "2023-07": 488.6, "2023-08": 489.2, "2023-09": 485.3, "2023-10": 484.1, "2023-11": 483.8, "2023-12": 484.2, "2024-01": 483.5, "2024-02": 482.6, "2024-03": 482.6, "2024-04": 483.2, "2024-05": 481.7, "2024-06": 481.8, "2024-07": 480.3, "2024-08": 481.3, "2024-09": 481.5, "2024-10": 478.6, "2024-11": 478.6, "2024-12": 480.9, "2025-01": 481.3, "2025-02": 482.4, "2025-03": 482.9, "2025-04": 481.3, "2025-05": 481.2, "2025-06": 481.4, "2025-07": 480, "2025-08": 479.4, "2025-09": 476.3, "2025-10": 480.7, "2025-11": 479.6, "2025-12": 472.9, "2026-01": 467.5, "2026-02": 463.8, "2026-03": 464, "2026-04": 462.3, "2026-05": 465.7, "2026-06": 460, "2026-07": 461, "2026-08": 453.3 } }, "cesBusinessSupport": { "name": "Business Support Jobs (Call Centers)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employees, thousands, seasonally adjusted", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED CES6056140001", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES6056140001", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "All employees in Business Support Services (NAICS 5614), which contains telephone call centers, document preparation, and collection agencies — routine office work often named as exposed to automation. Monthly, seasonally adjusted, from January 1990. The decline predates 2022 (884.6 thousand in January 2019). Annual figure is the twelve-month average.", "data": { "1990": 505.9, "1991": 504.6, "1992": 525.5, "1993": 550.3, "1994": 575.6, "1995": 631.2, "1996": 679.8, "1997": 735.2, "1998": 773.5, "1999": 781.9, "2000": 788.1, "2001": 781.2, "2002": 758, "2003": 751.2, "2004": 759.4, "2005": 768.3, "2006": 794.7, "2007": 819.4, "2008": 834.2, "2009": 821.6, "2010": 810.4, "2011": 816.3, "2012": 830.6, "2013": 858.2, "2014": 879.9, "2015": 895.3, "2016": 911.8, "2017": 904.2, "2018": 895.2, "2019": 876, "2020": 814.9, "2021": 815.2, "2022": 791.4, "2023": 740.9, "2024": 691.6, "2025": 652.1, "2026": 628.2 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "1990-01": 503, "1990-02": 509.4, "1990-03": 511.9, "1990-04": 511.1, "1990-05": 508.2, "1990-06": 508, "1990-07": 508.8, "1990-08": 504.4, "1990-09": 502.9, "1990-10": 502.6, "1990-11": 499.8, "1990-12": 500.9, "1991-01": 502.4, "1991-02": 498.7, "1991-03": 499.4, "1991-04": 501.8, "1991-05": 503.8, "1991-06": 503.9, "1991-07": 505.9, "1991-08": 507.4, "1991-09": 507.9, "1991-10": 506.7, "1991-11": 508.5, "1991-12": 509.4, "1992-01": 512.1, "1992-02": 511.8, "1992-03": 514.3, "1992-04": 515.6, "1992-05": 519.4, "1992-06": 523, "1992-07": 526.4, "1992-08": 529.3, "1992-09": 532.5, "1992-10": 537.4, "1992-11": 541.3, "1992-12": 543.1, "1993-01": 545.4, "1993-02": 548.6, "1993-03": 548.4, "1993-04": 549.5, "1993-05": 549.4, "1993-06": 549.5, "1993-07": 547.4, "1993-08": 548.9, "1993-09": 550.8, "1993-10": 552.6, "1993-11": 557.3, "1993-12": 555.3, "1994-01": 555.6, "1994-02": 557.4, "1994-03": 559.7, "1994-04": 565.7, "1994-05": 568, "1994-06": 571.1, "1994-07": 578.4, "1994-08": 581.2, "1994-09": 587, "1994-10": 590.3, "1994-11": 593.6, "1994-12": 599.5, "1995-01": 603.4, "1995-02": 608.2, "1995-03": 617.3, "1995-04": 617.9, "1995-05": 624, "1995-06": 629.4, "1995-07": 632.6, "1995-08": 639.7, "1995-09": 643.1, "1995-10": 649.7, "1995-11": 653.2, "1995-12": 655.6, "1996-01": 660.2, "1996-02": 665.4, "1996-03": 672.8, "1996-04": 674.5, "1996-05": 670.7, "1996-06": 675.1, "1996-07": 678.7, "1996-08": 687.1, "1996-09": 682.8, "1996-10": 690.4, "1996-11": 697.2, "1996-12": 702.8, "1997-01": 708.9, "1997-02": 714.1, "1997-03": 718.2, "1997-04": 723.4, "1997-05": 730, "1997-06": 736.9, "1997-07": 741.2, "1997-08": 742.3, "1997-09": 747.2, "1997-10": 749.5, "1997-11": 753.3, "1997-12": 757.4, "1998-01": 762.5, "1998-02": 763.8, "1998-03": 766.9, "1998-04": 767.3, "1998-05": 770.4, "1998-06": 771.9, "1998-07": 775, "1998-08": 776.7, "1998-09": 773.6, "1998-10": 782.9, "1998-11": 785.2, "1998-12": 785.2, "1999-01": 779.8, "1999-02": 779.5, "1999-03": 781, "1999-04": 782.8, "1999-05": 784.3, "1999-06": 786.8, "1999-07": 784.7, "1999-08": 783.4, "1999-09": 781.6, "1999-10": 781.3, "1999-11": 778.9, "1999-12": 779.3, "2000-01": 781.2, "2000-02": 784.2, "2000-03": 785.6, "2000-04": 785.8, "2000-05": 785.8, "2000-06": 788.7, "2000-07": 791.2, "2000-08": 793.3, "2000-09": 794.8, "2000-10": 792.1, "2000-11": 788.2, "2000-12": 786.8, "2001-01": 789.1, "2001-02": 785.2, "2001-03": 781.3, "2001-04": 781.2, "2001-05": 781.6, "2001-06": 780.8, "2001-07": 782.1, "2001-08": 783.1, "2001-09": 778.7, "2001-10": 776.4, "2001-11": 778.5, "2001-12": 776.8, "2002-01": 779.7, "2002-02": 776.6, "2002-03": 772.8, "2002-04": 766.8, "2002-05": 759.3, "2002-06": 747, "2002-07": 748.4, "2002-08": 744.1, "2002-09": 740.7, "2002-10": 747.8, "2002-11": 755.9, "2002-12": 756.6, "2003-01": 749, "2003-02": 749, "2003-03": 748.2, "2003-04": 748.5, "2003-05": 748.9, "2003-06": 748.2, "2003-07": 747.5, "2003-08": 752.6, "2003-09": 757.5, "2003-10": 756.9, "2003-11": 755.7, "2003-12": 752.4, "2004-01": 743.6, "2004-02": 746.9, "2004-03": 753.8, "2004-04": 756.3, "2004-05": 760.2, "2004-06": 766.8, "2004-07": 765.7, "2004-08": 763.9, "2004-09": 759.6, "2004-10": 764.6, "2004-11": 764.8, "2004-12": 766.3, "2005-01": 760, "2005-02": 766.6, "2005-03": 766.2, "2005-04": 768.7, "2005-05": 769.4, "2005-06": 768.9, "2005-07": 769.9, "2005-08": 772.2, "2005-09": 776.9, "2005-10": 767.2, "2005-11": 768.3, "2005-12": 765, "2006-01": 776, "2006-02": 780.4, "2006-03": 783.9, "2006-04": 787.6, "2006-05": 791.1, "2006-06": 794.9, "2006-07": 795.8, "2006-08": 798.4, "2006-09": 802.5, "2006-10": 806.9, "2006-11": 810, "2006-12": 809, "2007-01": 811, "2007-02": 811.8, "2007-03": 811.6, "2007-04": 812.5, "2007-05": 816.8, "2007-06": 819.8, "2007-07": 825, "2007-08": 825.4, "2007-09": 826.2, "2007-10": 819.9, "2007-11": 823.4, "2007-12": 828.9, "2008-01": 828.5, "2008-02": 832.1, "2008-03": 833.3, "2008-04": 835.7, "2008-05": 834.8, "2008-06": 833.6, "2008-07": 833.7, "2008-08": 832.2, "2008-09": 835.5, "2008-10": 836.6, "2008-11": 838.4, "2008-12": 836, "2009-01": 839.5, "2009-02": 831.2, "2009-03": 830.8, "2009-04": 825.6, "2009-05": 822.2, "2009-06": 815.3, "2009-07": 815, "2009-08": 814, "2009-09": 816.5, "2009-10": 815.9, "2009-11": 819.9, "2009-12": 813.9, "2010-01": 811.6, "2010-02": 808.2, "2010-03": 808.3, "2010-04": 808.2, "2010-05": 809, "2010-06": 809.1, "2010-07": 812.8, "2010-08": 812.6, "2010-09": 809.8, "2010-10": 812.5, "2010-11": 813.3, "2010-12": 809.6, "2011-01": 811.5, "2011-02": 813.4, "2011-03": 813.9, "2011-04": 816.6, "2011-05": 815.9, "2011-06": 817.5, "2011-07": 815.8, "2011-08": 817.3, "2011-09": 815.8, "2011-10": 815.8, "2011-11": 818.7, "2011-12": 823.8, "2012-01": 830.7, "2012-02": 826.5, "2012-03": 825.7, "2012-04": 824.7, "2012-05": 825.9, "2012-06": 827.4, "2012-07": 830.1, "2012-08": 832.6, "2012-09": 834, "2012-10": 836.6, "2012-11": 835.3, "2012-12": 837.1, "2013-01": 837.9, "2013-02": 842.1, "2013-03": 840.8, "2013-04": 849.7, "2013-05": 855.5, "2013-06": 861, "2013-07": 862.7, "2013-08": 864.2, "2013-09": 868.2, "2013-10": 869.7, "2013-11": 875.5, "2013-12": 871.4, "2014-01": 875, "2014-02": 875.5, "2014-03": 877.3, "2014-04": 877.2, "2014-05": 877.5, "2014-06": 880.2, "2014-07": 880.7, "2014-08": 878.6, "2014-09": 881.8, "2014-10": 881.3, "2014-11": 883.2, "2014-12": 890.8, "2015-01": 890.5, "2015-02": 894.6, "2015-03": 892.6, "2015-04": 897.4, "2015-05": 900.5, "2015-06": 892.9, "2015-07": 891.4, "2015-08": 893.2, "2015-09": 894.2, "2015-10": 898.4, "2015-11": 900, "2015-12": 897.5, "2016-01": 902.6, "2016-02": 901.3, "2016-03": 904.1, "2016-04": 906.9, "2016-05": 910.3, "2016-06": 914.5, "2016-07": 916.1, "2016-08": 916.9, "2016-09": 919.3, "2016-10": 918.4, "2016-11": 916.9, "2016-12": 914.1, "2017-01": 910.6, "2017-02": 910.1, "2017-03": 909.6, "2017-04": 907.5, "2017-05": 906.6, "2017-06": 901.5, "2017-07": 903.5, "2017-08": 903.2, "2017-09": 900.4, "2017-10": 900.9, "2017-11": 898.6, "2017-12": 898.2, "2018-01": 900.8, "2018-02": 899.3, "2018-03": 898.6, "2018-04": 895.3, "2018-05": 892.2, "2018-06": 892.5, "2018-07": 893.2, "2018-08": 895.6, "2018-09": 896.2, "2018-10": 895.8, "2018-11": 893.1, "2018-12": 889.3, "2019-01": 884.6, "2019-02": 883.2, "2019-03": 880.4, "2019-04": 880.9, "2019-05": 883.3, "2019-06": 881.5, "2019-07": 879.6, "2019-08": 873.1, "2019-09": 868.5, "2019-10": 865.5, "2019-11": 866, "2019-12": 865.6, "2020-01": 866, "2020-02": 863.2, "2020-03": 859.4, "2020-04": 774.2, "2020-05": 771.6, "2020-06": 785.8, "2020-07": 792.3, "2020-08": 800.9, "2020-09": 808.6, "2020-10": 813.8, "2020-11": 819.7, "2020-12": 823.5, "2021-01": 822.6, "2021-02": 821.5, "2021-03": 822.7, "2021-04": 804.1, "2021-05": 812.8, "2021-06": 807.4, "2021-07": 810.4, "2021-08": 810.2, "2021-09": 813, "2021-10": 812.4, "2021-11": 824.9, "2021-12": 820.4, "2022-01": 820.4, "2022-02": 822.3, "2022-03": 806.3, "2022-04": 805.7, "2022-05": 803.1, "2022-06": 796.4, "2022-07": 788, "2022-08": 784, "2022-09": 775.8, "2022-10": 769, "2022-11": 763.4, "2022-12": 761.9, "2023-01": 762.4, "2023-02": 756.9, "2023-03": 752.6, "2023-04": 752.3, "2023-05": 750, "2023-06": 746.7, "2023-07": 745.2, "2023-08": 735.9, "2023-09": 730.7, "2023-10": 724.2, "2023-11": 716.7, "2023-12": 717.5, "2024-01": 712.6, "2024-02": 707.6, "2024-03": 703.4, "2024-04": 697.8, "2024-05": 694.6, "2024-06": 693.2, "2024-07": 690.2, "2024-08": 688.7, "2024-09": 684.4, "2024-10": 678.9, "2024-11": 676.4, "2024-12": 672, "2025-01": 666.2, "2025-02": 665.9, "2025-03": 663.6, "2025-04": 662.1, "2025-05": 658.9, "2025-06": 654.1, "2025-07": 649.9, "2025-08": 643.5, "2025-09": 643.4, "2025-10": 643.4, "2025-11": 638.2, "2025-12": 636.4, "2026-01": 632.6, "2026-02": 628.9, "2026-03": 630.1, "2026-04": 628.9, "2026-05": 627.7, "2026-06": 627.3, "2026-07": 626.1, "2026-08": 623.6 } }, "oewsComputerProgrammers": { "name": "Computer Programmers Employed", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employed, May of each year", "coverage": { "first": 2019, "last": 2025, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (SOC 15-1251)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "National employment from the OEWS national workbook for each May (TOT_EMP, detailed occupation). BLS cautions that OEWS estimates are not designed for year-to-year comparison: the survey pools three years of samples, and model-based (MB3) estimation began with May 2021. Values read from the seven national workbooks (2019–2025) and checked in with each file's hash. Computer programmers write and test code to specifications; software developers (a separate, larger occupation) design the software.", "data": { "2019": 199540, "2020": 178140, "2021": 152610, "2022": 132740, "2023": 120370, "2024": 109870, "2025": 92230 } }, "oewsSoftwareDevelopers": { "name": "Software Developers Employed", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employed, May of each year", "coverage": { "first": 2021, "last": 2025, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (SOC 15-1252)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "National employment from the OEWS national workbook for each May (TOT_EMP, detailed occupation). BLS cautions that OEWS estimates are not designed for year-to-year comparison: the survey pools three years of samples, and model-based (MB3) estimation began with May 2021. Values read from the seven national workbooks (2019–2025) and checked in with each file's hash. Begins May 2021: May 2019 and 2020 published the hybrid code 15-1256 (developers plus QA analysts and testers), which is not the same occupation and is excluded.", "data": { "2021": 1364180, "2022": 1534790, "2023": 1656880, "2024": 1654440, "2025": 1687890 } }, "oewsCustomerServiceReps": { "name": "Customer Service Reps Employed", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employed, May of each year", "coverage": { "first": 2019, "last": 2025, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (SOC 43-4051)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "National employment from the OEWS national workbook for each May (TOT_EMP, detailed occupation). BLS cautions that OEWS estimates are not designed for year-to-year comparison: the survey pools three years of samples, and model-based (MB3) estimation began with May 2021. Values read from the seven national workbooks (2019–2025) and checked in with each file's hash.", "data": { "2019": 2919230, "2020": 2833250, "2021": 2787070, "2022": 2879840, "2023": 2858710, "2024": 2725930, "2025": 2595750 } }, "oewsDataEntryKeyers": { "name": "Data Entry Keyers Employed", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "employed, May of each year", "coverage": { "first": 2019, "last": 2025, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (SOC 43-9021)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "National employment from the OEWS national workbook for each May (TOT_EMP, detailed occupation). BLS cautions that OEWS estimates are not designed for year-to-year comparison: the survey pools three years of samples, and model-based (MB3) estimation began with May 2021. Values read from the seven national workbooks (2019–2025) and checked in with each file's hash.", "data": { "2019": 159930, "2020": 151520, "2021": 147170, "2022": 157380, "2023": 154230, "2024": 135280, "2025": 127080 } }, "upworkGsv": { "name": "Upwork Gross Services Volume", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "thousands of US dollars transacted per year", "coverage": { "first": 2016, "last": 2025, "points": 10 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Upwork Inc., Form 10-K key metrics (SEC EDGAR)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1627475&type=10-K", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1627475/000162747526000012/upwk-20251231.htm", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Total dollar value of work transacted on Upwork each fiscal year, as printed in its Form 10-K, 2016–2025. The largest US freelance marketplace's own measure of demand for freelance work; GSV peaked in 2023 (4.14B) and was 4.03B in 2025 and Upwork's Q2 2026 10-Q attributes its decline to \"the evolving impact of AI on certain categories of freelance work\" and macroeconomic uncertainty — management's attribution, not ours. The FY2025 10-K widened the definition to include AI-based services, Connects purchases, payment processing, memberships, and currency services without restating prior years.", "data": { "2016": 1148363, "2017": 1373161, "2018": 1756289, "2019": 2087055, "2020": 2523649, "2021": 3546774, "2022": 4104891, "2023": 4142252, "2024": 4008107, "2025": 4028386 } }, "fiverrActiveBuyers": { "name": "Fiverr Active Buyers", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "thousands of buyers who ordered in the prior 12 months, at year-end", "coverage": { "first": 2019, "last": 2026, "points": 8 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "Fiverr International Ltd., Forms 20-F and 6-K (SEC EDGAR)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1762301&type=20-F", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1762301/000117891326000858/zk2634486.htm", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Buyers who ordered on Fiverr's marketplace in the prior twelve months, as of December 31, from its annual reports; 2026 is as of June 30. DEFINITION BREAK at 2022: the FY2024 report narrowed the metric to marketplace Gigs and restated 2022–2023, so 2022 onward share one definition and 2019–2021 are the earlier, slightly broader one. Fiverr's July 2026 guidance cites \"AI-related demand and traffic headwinds\" — management's attribution, not ours.", "data": { "2019": 2352, "2020": 3418, "2021": 4217, "2022": 4201, "2023": 4027, "2024": 3630, "2025": 3135, "2026": 2676 } }, "indeedAiPostingsShare": { "name": "Job Postings Mentioning AI (Indeed)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of US job postings, monthly average of daily values", "coverage": { "first": 2019, "last": 2026, "points": 8 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "Indeed Hiring Lab AI Tracker (GitHub, CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker/main/AI_posting.csv", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Share of US job postings on Indeed whose text mentions AI or generative-AI terms (Indeed's keyword list: e.g. machine learning, data science, artificial intelligence, generative AI, large language models), as a seven-day trailing average, from January 2019; stored as the monthly average. The generative-AI-only file was removed from the repository in August 2025, so only the combined share is published. The one phenomenon series here with a full pre-ChatGPT baseline.", "data": { "2019": 1.74, "2020": 1.74, "2021": 2.37, "2022": 2.84, "2023": 1.86, "2024": 2.24, "2025": 3.27, "2026": 5.4 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2019-01": 1.71, "2019-02": 1.76, "2019-03": 1.71, "2019-04": 1.67, "2019-05": 1.67, "2019-06": 1.67, "2019-07": 1.73, "2019-08": 1.72, "2019-09": 1.75, "2019-10": 1.8, "2019-11": 1.84, "2019-12": 1.89, "2020-01": 1.89, "2020-02": 1.95, "2020-03": 1.99, "2020-04": 1.93, "2020-05": 1.74, "2020-06": 1.57, "2020-07": 1.49, "2020-08": 1.49, "2020-09": 1.54, "2020-10": 1.62, "2020-11": 1.75, "2020-12": 1.91, "2021-01": 1.98, "2021-02": 2.14, "2021-03": 2.22, "2021-04": 2.08, "2021-05": 2.09, "2021-06": 2.17, "2021-07": 2.23, "2021-08": 2.39, "2021-09": 2.56, "2021-10": 2.69, "2021-11": 2.84, "2021-12": 3, "2022-01": 3.07, "2022-02": 3.22, "2022-03": 3.23, "2022-04": 3.19, "2022-05": 3.19, "2022-06": 3.05, "2022-07": 2.9, "2022-08": 2.74, "2022-09": 2.61, "2022-10": 2.45, "2022-11": 2.27, "2022-12": 2.19, "2023-01": 2.15, "2023-02": 2.1, "2023-03": 1.93, "2023-04": 1.81, "2023-05": 1.75, "2023-06": 1.71, "2023-07": 1.72, "2023-08": 1.74, "2023-09": 1.81, "2023-10": 1.84, "2023-11": 1.86, "2023-12": 1.9, "2024-01": 1.96, "2024-02": 2.05, "2024-03": 2.06, "2024-04": 2.03, "2024-05": 2.05, "2024-06": 2.18, "2024-07": 2.2, "2024-08": 2.24, "2024-09": 2.38, "2024-10": 2.46, "2024-11": 2.57, "2024-12": 2.66, "2025-01": 2.73, "2025-02": 2.79, "2025-03": 2.76, "2025-04": 2.78, "2025-05": 2.79, "2025-06": 3, "2025-07": 3.15, "2025-08": 3.34, "2025-09": 3.55, "2025-10": 3.86, "2025-11": 4.18, "2025-12": 4.37, "2026-01": 4.55, "2026-02": 4.91, "2026-03": 5.2, "2026-04": 5.46, "2026-05": 5.67, "2026-06": 5.82, "2026-07": 6.17 } }, "genAiAdoptionWork": { "name": "Workers Using GenAI for Work", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of employed adults 18–64", "coverage": { "first": 2024, "last": 2026, "points": 3 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "Real-Time Population Survey (Bick, Blandin & Deming), via FRED RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREWORK", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREWORK", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://genaiadoptiontracker.com/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Share of employed adults (18–64) who report using generative AI for their job, from the Real-Time Population Survey's quarterly generative-AI module (Bick, Blandin & Deming; hosted by the St. Louis Fed on FRED as release 6). Waves from August 2024, stamped by FRED at the start of each quarter. An online panel with a stated method, not a federal statistical agency product. Annual figure is the average of the year's waves.", "data": { "2024": 32.1, "2025": 36.5, "2026": 44.3 }, "cadence": "quarterly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2024-07": 33.3, "2024-10": 31, "2025-01": 32.7, "2025-04": 35.1, "2025-07": 37.4, "2025-10": 40.7, "2026-01": 43.4, "2026-04": 45.2 } }, "gallupAiUseAny": { "name": "Employees Using AI at Work", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of U.S. employees using AI in their role at least a few times a year", "coverage": { "first": 2023, "last": 2026, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "Gallup workforce study", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gallup.com/workplace/712736/organizational-adoption-jumps-six-points.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.gallup.com/workplace/701195/frequent-workplace-continued-rise.aspx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Gallup Panel workforce study, employed U.S. adults, ~19,000–24,000 per wave. Asked in Q2 of 2023 and 2024, then every quarter from Q2 2025, so the early points are a year apart. Values read from Gallup's published trend table; the checked-in citation file records fielding dates and Gallup's own one-point discrepancy between its 2025 and 2026 trend tables for the frequent-use cut. Annual figure is the average of the year's waves.", "data": { "2023": 21, "2024": 27, "2025": 44, "2026": 51 }, "cadence": "quarterly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2023-04": 21, "2024-04": 27, "2025-04": 40, "2025-07": 45, "2025-10": 46, "2026-01": 50, "2026-04": 52 } }, "gallupAiUseDaily": { "name": "Employees Using AI Daily", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of U.S. employees using AI in their role daily", "coverage": { "first": 2023, "last": 2026, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "Gallup workforce study", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gallup.com/workplace/712736/organizational-adoption-jumps-six-points.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.gallup.com/workplace/701195/frequent-workplace-continued-rise.aspx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Same Gallup instrument and waves as Employees Using AI at Work, the daily-use cut. Q2 2023 and Q2 2024 are annual points; quarterly from Q2 2025. Annual figure is the average of the year's waves.", "data": { "2023": 4, "2024": 4, "2025": 10, "2026": 14 }, "cadence": "quarterly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2023-04": 4, "2024-04": 4, "2025-04": 8, "2025-07": 10, "2025-10": 12, "2026-01": 13, "2026-04": 15 } }, "btosAiUseOriginal": { "name": "Firms Using AI (Original Question)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of U.S. businesses, prior two weeks", "coverage": { "first": 2024, "last": 2025, "points": 2 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2025, "partialThrough": "2025-09", "source": "Census Bureau, Business Trends and Outlook Survey (AI Core Questions file)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/downloads/AI%20Core%20Questions.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Share of businesses answering yes to \"In the last two weeks, did this business use Artificial Intelligence (AI) in producing goods or services?\" — the Census Bureau's biweekly BTOS, ~1.2 million businesses sampled per year, each responding quarterly. Cycles from September 2023 (cycle 202319) through September 2025 (202520), dated here by the end of each reference period. Census retired this wording after 202520 and started a NEW series for the reworded question (see Firms Using AI (Any Function)); the two are never joined. Annual figure is the average of the year's cycles.", "data": { "2024": 5.3, "2025": 8.6 }, "cadence": "biweekly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2023-09-10": 3.7, "2023-09-24": 3.7, "2023-10-08": 3.8, "2023-10-22": 3.9, "2023-11-05": 4.4, "2023-11-19": 4.6, "2023-12-03": 4.9, "2023-12-17": 4.9, "2023-12-31": 4.6, "2024-01-14": 5.3, "2024-01-28": 5, "2024-02-11": 5.4, "2024-02-25": 4.3, "2024-03-10": 4.4, "2024-03-24": 4.2, "2024-04-07": 4.8, "2024-04-21": 4.7, "2024-05-05": 4.8, "2024-05-19": 4.6, "2024-06-02": 5, "2024-06-16": 4.7, "2024-06-30": 5, "2024-07-14": 5.1, "2024-07-28": 5.1, "2024-08-11": 5.5, "2024-08-25": 5.7, "2024-09-08": 5.9, "2024-09-22": 6, "2024-10-06": 6, "2024-10-20": 6, "2024-11-03": 6.1, "2024-11-17": 6.1, "2024-12-01": 6.1, "2024-12-15": 6.3, "2024-12-29": 6, "2025-01-12": 6.7, "2025-01-26": 6.8, "2025-02-09": 7.3, "2025-02-23": 7.4, "2025-03-09": 7.8, "2025-03-23": 8, "2025-04-06": 8.3, "2025-04-20": 8.7, "2025-05-04": 8.7, "2025-05-18": 9.2, "2025-06-01": 9.2, "2025-06-15": 9.3, "2025-06-29": 9.3, "2025-07-13": 9.4, "2025-07-27": 8.8, "2025-08-10": 9.7, "2025-08-24": 9.1, "2025-09-07": 9.9, "2025-09-21": 10 } }, "btosAiUseAnyFunction": { "name": "Firms Using AI (Any Function)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of U.S. businesses, prior two weeks", "coverage": { "first": 2026, "last": 2026, "points": 1 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "Census Bureau, Business Trends and Outlook Survey (National file)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/downloads/National.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Share of businesses answering yes to \"In the last two weeks, did this business use Artificial Intelligence (AI) in any of its business functions?\" — the BTOS question as reworded from cycle 202524 (collection from November 17, 2025). Census: \"Due to a level shift observed in conjunction with the new question wording, the decision was made to create a new time series for the AI questions, beginning with data released on December 4, 2025.\" Cycles 202521–202523 (October to mid-November 2025) have no estimates; the workbook labels them SHUTDOWN. Dated by the end of each reference period. Annual figure is the average of the year's cycles.", "data": { "2026": 19.9 }, "cadence": "biweekly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2025-11-16": 17.3, "2025-11-30": 17.2, "2025-12-14": 17.8, "2025-12-28": 17.7, "2026-01-11": 18.2, "2026-01-25": 18.9, "2026-02-08": 17.5, "2026-02-22": 18.2, "2026-03-08": 18.9, "2026-03-22": 19.1, "2026-04-05": 19.8, "2026-04-19": 19.8, "2026-05-03": 19.5, "2026-05-17": 20.6, "2026-05-31": 20.6, "2026-06-14": 20.6, "2026-06-28": 21.7, "2026-07-12": 21.5, "2026-07-26": 21.8, "2026-08-09": 22.4 } }, "rampAiIndex": { "name": "Businesses Paying for AI (Ramp)", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of US businesses on Ramp with a paid AI transaction in the month", "coverage": { "first": 2023, "last": 2026, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "Ramp Economics Lab, Ramp AI Index", "sourceUrl": "https://ramp.com/data/ai-index", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ramp.com/data/how-we-built-the-ramp-ai-index", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Share of businesses using Ramp's corporate cards and bill pay (30,000+, skewed toward younger and technology-forward firms by Ramp's own description) with a transaction for an AI product or service in the month, identified from merchant and line-item text. Spend-based, so free tools and personal accounts are invisible. Monthly from January 2023. Ramp publishes the series only inside its web page, not as a file, so the values are checked in and re-parsed on refresh; this is the one row in the section that depends on a page layout rather than a published file.", "data": { "2023": 24.37, "2024": 34.21, "2025": 42.68, "2026": 52.16 }, "cadence": "monthly", "annualRule": "annual average", "native": { "2023-01": 7.46, "2023-02": 12.06, "2023-03": 20.91, "2023-04": 24.4, "2023-05": 26.1, "2023-06": 25.66, "2023-07": 27.14, "2023-08": 27.89, "2023-09": 29.03, "2023-10": 29.65, "2023-11": 30.47, "2023-12": 31.68, "2024-01": 32.51, "2024-02": 32.73, "2024-03": 33.35, "2024-04": 33.12, "2024-05": 33.22, "2024-06": 33.47, "2024-07": 33.88, "2024-08": 34.21, "2024-09": 35.21, "2024-10": 35.83, "2024-11": 36.36, "2024-12": 36.65, "2025-01": 37.73, "2025-02": 38.67, "2025-03": 39.17, "2025-04": 40.77, "2025-05": 41.9, "2025-06": 42.72, "2025-07": 44.08, "2025-08": 44.98, "2025-09": 45.19, "2025-10": 45.1, "2025-11": 45.94, "2025-12": 45.91, "2026-01": 46.96, "2026-02": 49.1, "2026-03": 51.26, "2026-04": 52.98, "2026-05": 54.17, "2026-06": 54.95, "2026-07": 55.73 } }, "challengerAiJobCuts": { "name": "Job Cuts Attributed to AI", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "announced job cuts per year citing artificial intelligence as the reason", "coverage": { "first": 2023, "last": 2026, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "Challenger, Gray & Christmas, Job Cut Announcement Report", "sourceUrl": "https://www.challengergray.com/blog/category/job-cuts-report/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.challengergray.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Challenger-Report-August-2026.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Job cuts announced by US employers with artificial intelligence as the stated reason, from the outplacement firm's monthly report (tracked since 1993; AI as a reason since 2023). Announced cuts, not realized layoffs, and the reason is the employer's own; Challenger's parallel Technological Update category changed labels each year. 2026 is year-to-date through August. Values read from the December 2023, 2024, and 2025 and the August 2026 report tables, and cross-checked against the since-2023 cumulative printed in the December 2025 report.", "data": { "2023": 4247, "2024": 12742, "2025": 54836, "2026": 116175 } }, "publicExpectsFewerJobs": { "name": "Expect AI to Reduce Jobs", "category": "Employment & Jobs", "unit": "percent of U.S. adults expecting AI to reduce the total number of U.S. jobs over the next 10 years", "coverage": { "first": 2023, "last": 2026, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Bentley University–Gallup Business in Society study", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/712751/americans-cool-toward.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://news.gallup.com/poll/648953/americans-express-real-concerns-artificial-intelligence.aspx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Employment-And-Jobs" ], "note": "Annual Gallup Panel survey of U.S. adults (not workers), fielded each spring since 2023 with identical wording: 75% (2023), 75% (2024), 73% (2025), 79% (2026). Values read from Gallup's published table.", "data": { "2023": 75, "2024": 75, "2025": 73, "2026": 79 } }, "measlesRate": { "name": "Measles (rubeola)", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2026, "points": 44 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-09", "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported measles incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS, without separating imported and indigenous cases. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated. The 2024 and 2025 values are the measles program's full-year confirmed-case counts from its Cases and Outbreaks page (read 2026-09-09), which CDC itself cites as the annual totals and which can differ by a few cases from the NNDSS annual table once finalized; 2026 is the count reported as of 2026-09-03, a year-to-date figure, not a full year.", "data": { "1950": 211.01, "1960": 245.42, "1970": 23.23, "1980": 5.96, "1985": 1.18, "1988": 1.38, "1989": 7.33, "1990": 11.17, "1991": 3.82, "1992": 0.88, "1993": 0.12, "1994": 0.37, "1995": 0.12, "1996": 0.2, "1997": 0.06, "1998": 0.04, "1999": 0.04, "2000": 0.03, "2001": 0.04, "2002": 0.02, "2003": 0.02, "2004": 0.01, "2005": 0.02, "2006": 0.02, "2007": 0.01, "2008": 0.05, "2009": 0.02, "2010": 0.02, "2011": 0.06, "2012": 0.02, "2013": 0.06, "2014": 0.21, "2015": 0.06, "2016": 0.03, "2017": 0.04, "2018": 0.11, "2019": 0.39, "2020": 0, "2021": 0.01, "2022": 0.04, "2023": 0.02, "2024": 0.08, "2025": 0.67, "2026": 0.91 } }, "pertussisRate": { "name": "Pertussis (whooping cough)", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2023, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported pertussis incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. Probable cases were added in 1997; probable-case criteria changed in 2020. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1950": 79.82, "1960": 8.23, "1970": 2.08, "1980": 0.76, "1985": 1.5, "1988": 1.4, "1989": 1.67, "1990": 1.84, "1991": 1.08, "1992": 1.6, "1993": 2.55, "1994": 1.77, "1995": 1.97, "1996": 2.94, "1997": 2.46, "1998": 2.74, "1999": 2.67, "2000": 2.88, "2001": 2.69, "2002": 3.47, "2003": 4.04, "2004": 8.88, "2005": 8.72, "2006": 5.27, "2007": 3.49, "2008": 4.4, "2009": 5.54, "2010": 8.97, "2011": 6.06, "2012": 15.49, "2013": 9.12, "2014": 10.34, "2015": 6.46, "2016": 5.56, "2017": 5.83, "2018": 4.77, "2019": 5.67, "2020": 1.85, "2021": 0.64, "2022": 0.91, "2023": 2.09 } }, "tbRate": { "name": "Tuberculosis", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2023, "points": 40 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported tuberculosis incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. Reporting began in 1953; the workbook also cautions that pre-1975 reporting criteria differ. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1960": 30.83, "1970": 18.28, "1980": 12.25, "1985": 9.3, "1988": 9.13, "1989": 9.46, "1990": 10.33, "1991": 10.42, "1992": 10.46, "1993": 9.82, "1994": 9.36, "1995": 8.7, "1996": 8.04, "1997": 7.42, "1998": 6.79, "1999": 6.43, "2000": 6.01, "2001": 5.68, "2002": 5.36, "2003": 5.17, "2004": 5.09, "2005": 4.8, "2006": 4.65, "2007": 4.44, "2008": 4.28, "2009": 3.8, "2010": 3.64, "2011": 3.41, "2012": 3.19, "2013": 3.05, "2014": 2.95, "2015": 2.97, "2016": 2.87, "2017": 2.8, "2018": 2.76, "2019": 2.72, "2020": 2.16, "2021": 2.37, "2022": 2.49, "2023": 2.86 } }, "lymeRate": { "name": "Lyme disease", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 2008, "last": 2023, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported Lyme disease incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS, including probable cases when reported. IDNotif lists revisions in 2008, 2011, and 2017; CDC states 2022 is not directly comparable with earlier years following the 2022 revision. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "2008": 11.67, "2009": 12.71, "2010": 9.86, "2011": 10.78, "2012": 9.96, "2013": 11.62, "2014": 10.54, "2015": 11.9, "2016": 11.32, "2017": 13.18, "2018": 10.34, "2019": 10.69, "2020": 5.42, "2021": 7.4, "2022": 18.67, "2023": 26.54 } }, "syphilisPsRate": { "name": "Syphilis, Primary and secondary", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2023, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported primary and secondary syphilis incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS; congenital and other stages are excluded. The case definition changed in 2018. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1950": 16.73, "1960": 9.06, "1970": 10.8, "1980": 12, "1985": 11.4, "1988": 16.55, "1989": 18.57, "1990": 20.26, "1991": 16.98, "1992": 13.26, "1993": 10.21, "1994": 7.84, "1995": 6.21, "1996": 4.23, "1997": 3.14, "1998": 2.54, "1999": 2.37, "2000": 2.12, "2001": 2.14, "2002": 2.38, "2003": 2.47, "2004": 2.72, "2005": 2.94, "2006": 3.26, "2007": 3.8, "2008": 4.44, "2009": 4.56, "2010": 4.46, "2011": 4.48, "2012": 4.99, "2013": 5.5, "2014": 6.27, "2015": 7.43, "2016": 8.61, "2017": 9.41, "2018": 10.72, "2019": 11.92, "2020": 12.55, "2021": 15.95, "2022": 17.65, "2023": 15.72 } }, "congenitalSyphilisCases": { "name": "Congenital syphilis", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2023, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported counts from IDNotif through 2019 and WONDER 'Syphilis, Congenital' for 2020–2023. IDNotif's congenital-syphilis rate is per 100,000 live births, unlike the total-population denominator used for other rows. This dataset does not fetch live births, so it ships counts only to avoid silently mixing denominators. Starting in 1995, IDNotif reports cases under age one only. Case definitions changed in 2015 and 2018. The population-based rate construction described for companion series does not apply to this count series. IDNotif and WONDER overlap counts differ by roughly 2% in 2016–2018 (641 vs. 628, 941 vs. 918, and 1,323 vs. 1,306 respectively; 2019 matches at 1,870), consistent with normal cross-publication revisions; this series uses IDNotif through 2019 and WONDER from 2020.", "data": { "1950": 13377, "1960": 4416, "1970": 1953, "1980": 277, "1985": 329, "1988": 741, "1989": 1837, "1990": 3865, "1991": 4424, "1992": 4067, "1993": 3420, "1994": 2452, "1995": 1863, "1996": 1282, "1997": 1082, "1998": 843, "1999": 580, "2000": 580, "2001": 506, "2002": 460, "2003": 432, "2004": 375, "2005": 339, "2006": 372, "2007": 435, "2008": 446, "2009": 431, "2010": 387, "2011": 358, "2012": 334, "2013": 362, "2014": 462, "2015": 494, "2016": 641, "2017": 941, "2018": 1323, "2019": 1870, "2020": 2148, "2021": 2820, "2022": 3755, "2023": 3882 } }, "gonorrheaRate": { "name": "Gonorrhea", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2023, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported gonorrhea incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. IDNotif excludes Georgia in 1994. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1950": 192.5, "1960": 145.4, "1970": 294.2, "1980": 442.1, "1985": 382.98, "1988": 301.86, "1989": 297.09, "1990": 276.43, "1991": 245.84, "1992": 196.04, "1993": 171.07, "1994": 163.93, "1995": 147.46, "1996": 121.82, "1997": 120.18, "1998": 129.23, "1999": 129.31, "2000": 128.67, "2001": 126.77, "2002": 122.01, "2003": 115.23, "2004": 112.42, "2005": 114.57, "2006": 119.7, "2007": 118.03, "2008": 110.75, "2009": 98.1, "2010": 100.19, "2011": 103.29, "2012": 106.66, "2013": 105.34, "2014": 109.79, "2015": 122.96, "2016": 144.99, "2017": 170.58, "2018": 178.32, "2019": 188.4, "2020": 204.23, "2021": 210.43, "2022": 193.8, "2023": 178.34 } }, "chlamydiaRate": { "name": "Chlamydia", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1985, "last": 2023, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported chlamydia incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. National notification is specified from 1995 in the dispatch; IDNotif itself says not notifiable before 1994 and includes 1994. NAAT adoption increased detection sensitivity during the 2000s. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1985": 17.42, "1988": 87.13, "1989": 102.45, "1990": 160.19, "1991": 179.66, "1992": 182.35, "1993": 178.05, "1994": 192.49, "1995": 187.84, "1996": 190.57, "1997": 205.49, "1998": 231.83, "1999": 247.16, "2000": 251.38, "2001": 274.52, "2002": 289.41, "2003": 301.74, "2004": 316.51, "2005": 329.42, "2006": 344.33, "2007": 367.47, "2008": 398.12, "2009": 405.26, "2010": 423.62, "2011": 453.41, "2012": 453.3, "2013": 443.46, "2014": 452.17, "2015": 474.97, "2016": 494.65, "2017": 524.55, "2018": 537.54, "2019": 552.84, "2020": 476.05, "2021": 485.43, "2022": 493.34, "2023": 488.94 } }, "hepAAcuteRate": { "name": "Acute hepatitis A viral infection", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 39 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported acute hepatitis A incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. Case definitions changed in 2012 and 2019. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1970": 27.87, "1980": 12.84, "1985": 10.03, "1988": 11.6, "1989": 14.43, "1990": 12.64, "1991": 9.67, "1992": 9.06, "1993": 9.4, "1994": 10.29, "1995": 12.13, "1996": 11.7, "1997": 11.22, "1998": 8.59, "1999": 6.25, "2000": 4.91, "2001": 3.77, "2002": 3.13, "2003": 2.66, "2004": 1.95, "2005": 1.53, "2006": 1.21, "2007": 1, "2008": 0.86, "2009": 0.65, "2010": 0.54, "2011": 0.45, "2012": 0.5, "2013": 0.57, "2014": 0.39, "2015": 0.43, "2016": 0.62, "2017": 1.03, "2018": 3.81, "2019": 5.74, "2020": 3, "2021": 1.72, "2022": 0.68, "2023": 0.49 } }, "hepBAcuteRate": { "name": "Acute hepatitis B viral infection", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 39 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported acute hepatitis B incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS; chronic infection is excluded. The case definition changed in 2012. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1970": 4.08, "1980": 8.39, "1985": 11.5, "1988": 9.43, "1989": 9.43, "1990": 8.48, "1991": 7.14, "1992": 6.32, "1993": 5.18, "1994": 4.81, "1995": 4.19, "1996": 4.01, "1997": 3.9, "1998": 3.8, "1999": 2.82, "2000": 2.95, "2001": 2.79, "2002": 2.84, "2003": 2.61, "2004": 2.14, "2005": 1.78, "2006": 1.62, "2007": 1.51, "2008": 1.34, "2009": 1.12, "2010": 1.1, "2011": 0.94, "2012": 0.93, "2013": 0.97, "2014": 0.88, "2015": 1.06, "2016": 1, "2017": 1.05, "2018": 1.02, "2019": 1.09, "2020": 0.65, "2021": 0.61, "2022": 0.64, "2023": 0.66 } }, "hepCAcuteRate": { "name": "Acute hepatitis C viral infection", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2023, "points": 34 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported acute hepatitis C incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS; chronic infection is excluded. Anti-HCV testing became available in May 1990; probable-case criteria changed in 2016 and 2020. IDNotif reports 45 reporting jurisdictions in 2019. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1990": 1.03, "1991": 1.42, "1992": 2.36, "1993": 1.86, "1994": 1.78, "1995": 1.78, "1996": 1.41, "1997": 1.43, "1998": 1.3, "1999": 1.14, "2000": 1.17, "2001": 1.41, "2002": 0.65, "2003": 0.38, "2004": 0.31, "2005": 0.23, "2006": 0.26, "2007": 0.28, "2008": 0.29, "2009": 0.27, "2010": 0.29, "2011": 0.42, "2012": 0.59, "2013": 0.71, "2014": 0.73, "2015": 0.81, "2016": 0.97, "2017": 1.36, "2018": 1.54, "2019": 1.74, "2020": 1.82, "2021": 1.81, "2022": 1.68, "2023": 1.64 } }, "mumpsRate": { "name": "Mumps", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 39 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported mumps incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. The case definition changed in 2012. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1970": 55.55, "1980": 3.86, "1985": 1.3, "1988": 2.05, "1989": 2.34, "1990": 2.17, "1991": 1.72, "1992": 1.03, "1993": 0.66, "1994": 0.6, "1995": 0.35, "1996": 0.29, "1997": 0.27, "1998": 0.25, "1999": 0.14, "2000": 0.13, "2001": 0.1, "2002": 0.1, "2003": 0.08, "2004": 0.09, "2005": 0.11, "2006": 2.22, "2007": 0.27, "2008": 0.15, "2009": 0.65, "2010": 0.85, "2011": 0.13, "2012": 0.07, "2013": 0.19, "2014": 0.38, "2015": 0.41, "2016": 1.97, "2017": 1.88, "2018": 0.77, "2019": 1.15, "2020": 0.21, "2021": 0.06, "2022": 0.12, "2023": 0.13 } }, "meningococcalRate": { "name": "Meningococcal disease", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 39 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported meningococcal disease incidence, all serogroups, from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. The case definition changed in 2015. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1970": 1.23, "1980": 1.25, "1985": 1.04, "1988": 1.21, "1989": 1.1, "1990": 0.99, "1991": 0.84, "1992": 0.84, "1993": 1.02, "1994": 1.11, "1995": 1.25, "1996": 1.3, "1997": 1.24, "1998": 1.01, "1999": 0.92, "2000": 0.83, "2001": 0.83, "2002": 0.64, "2003": 0.61, "2004": 0.47, "2005": 0.42, "2006": 0.4, "2007": 0.36, "2008": 0.39, "2009": 0.32, "2010": 0.27, "2011": 0.25, "2012": 0.18, "2013": 0.18, "2014": 0.14, "2015": 0.12, "2016": 0.12, "2017": 0.11, "2018": 0.1, "2019": 0.11, "2020": 0.07, "2021": 0.06, "2022": 0.09, "2023": 0.13 } }, "hibRate": { "name": "Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease, all serotypes, all ages", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1991, "last": 2023, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported invasive Haemophilus influenzae incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS, all serotypes and all ages. Despite the short key, this is not the Hib-only pediatric subset. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1991": 1.1, "1992": 0.55, "1993": 0.55, "1994": 0.45, "1995": 0.45, "1996": 0.45, "1997": 0.44, "1998": 0.44, "1999": 0.48, "2000": 0.51, "2001": 0.57, "2002": 0.62, "2003": 0.7, "2004": 0.72, "2005": 0.78, "2006": 0.82, "2007": 0.85, "2008": 0.96, "2009": 0.99, "2010": 1.03, "2011": 1.15, "2012": 1.1, "2013": 1.21, "2014": 1.11, "2015": 1.29, "2016": 1.51, "2017": 1.7, "2018": 1.7, "2019": 1.87, "2020": 0.9, "2021": 0.92, "2022": 1.6, "2023": 2.02 } }, "salmonellosisRate": { "name": "Salmonellosis (excluding Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi infections)", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "reported cases per 100,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2023, "points": 40 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table IDNotif) · CDC NNDSS annual summary via WONDER", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/IDNotif.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss-annual-summary.html", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Annual reported salmonellosis incidence from NCHS and CDC NNDSS. The workbook includes paratyphoid before 2018; label variants are resolved separately for each year. CIDTs increased detection from roughly 2012 without necessarily changing true incidence. Rates through 2019 are NCHS's; rates from 2020 are the NNDSS final count divided by the Census July 1 resident population (FRED POPTHM), using a later population vintage (about 1% higher denominator). This is not always the same construction: IDNotif excludes populations of jurisdictions where a disease was not notifiable or data were unavailable; STD rates before 1991 use civilian population. Selected years before 1988 are not interpolated.", "data": { "1960": 3.85, "1970": 10.84, "1980": 14.88, "1985": 27.37, "1988": 19.91, "1989": 19.26, "1990": 19.54, "1991": 19.1, "1992": 16.04, "1993": 16.15, "1994": 16.64, "1995": 17.66, "1996": 17.15, "1997": 15.66, "1998": 16.17, "1999": 14.89, "2000": 14.51, "2001": 14.39, "2002": 15.73, "2003": 15.16, "2004": 14.47, "2005": 15.43, "2006": 15.45, "2007": 16.03, "2008": 16.92, "2009": 16.18, "2010": 17.73, "2011": 16.79, "2012": 17.27, "2013": 16.13, "2014": 16.14, "2015": 17.15, "2016": 16.67, "2017": 16.67, "2018": 18.64, "2019": 17.78, "2020": 13.69, "2021": 14.81, "2022": 16.79, "2023": 18.07 } }, "fluPneumoniaDeathRate": { "name": "Influenza and pneumonia", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population (2000 U.S. standard population)", "coverage": { "first": 1900, "last": 2024, "points": 125 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table SlctMort) · CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death (final)", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/SlctMort.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/6rkc-nb2q.json", "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/489q-934x.json", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "NCHS age-adjusted death rate: the NCHS historical table (data.cdc.gov 6rkc-nb2q) for 1900–2018, Health, United States Table SlctMort for 2019, and CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death final data for 2020–2024 (read through a real browser and checked in; its 2018–2019 values equal the Health US table). If a later year exists only in the NCHS VSRR provisional quarterly series it is added flagged provisional. Rates use the 2000 U.S. standard population; the 1999 ICD-10 transition requires comparability consideration. The two NCHS long-run mortality tables (6rkc-nb2q and SlctMort) differ by up to 0.4 per 100,000 for 1991–1997, a normal cross-publication revision.", "data": { "1900": 297.5, "1901": 312.9, "1902": 219.3, "1903": 251.1, "1904": 291.2, "1905": 257.8, "1906": 222.5, "1907": 285.4, "1908": 234.6, "1909": 221.2, "1910": 238.4, "1911": 234.1, "1912": 213.7, "1913": 214.8, "1914": 202.4, "1915": 238.1, "1916": 278.5, "1917": 267, "1918": 612.4, "1919": 270.9, "1920": 279.2, "1921": 153.1, "1922": 207.6, "1923": 253, "1924": 182, "1925": 198.1, "1926": 233, "1927": 164, "1928": 236.4, "1929": 247.5, "1930": 159.8, "1931": 170.2, "1932": 180, "1933": 156.5, "1934": 152.9, "1935": 163.8, "1936": 186.7, "1937": 181.8, "1938": 124.3, "1939": 124.4, "1940": 117.6, "1941": 104.6, "1942": 84.7, "1943": 101.7, "1944": 94.7, "1945": 74.9, "1946": 69.9, "1947": 65.9, "1948": 58, "1949": 45.1, "1950": 48.1, "1951": 47.4, "1952": 43.1, "1953": 49.2, "1954": 36.2, "1955": 39.2, "1956": 40.8, "1957": 50.3, "1958": 47.4, "1959": 44.3, "1960": 53.7, "1961": 43.4, "1962": 47.1, "1963": 55.6, "1964": 45.4, "1965": 46.8, "1966": 47.9, "1967": 42.2, "1968": 52.8, "1969": 47.9, "1970": 41.7, "1971": 38.4, "1972": 41.3, "1973": 41.2, "1974": 35.5, "1975": 34.9, "1976": 38.8, "1977": 31, "1978": 34.5, "1979": 26.1, "1980": 31.4, "1981": 30, "1982": 26.5, "1983": 29.8, "1984": 30.6, "1985": 34.5, "1986": 34.8, "1987": 33.8, "1988": 37.3, "1989": 35.9, "1990": 36.8, "1991": 34.9, "1992": 33.1, "1993": 35.2, "1994": 33.9, "1995": 33.8, "1996": 33.2, "1997": 33.6, "1998": 34.6, "1999": 23.5, "2000": 23.7, "2001": 22.2, "2002": 23.2, "2003": 22.6, "2004": 20.4, "2005": 21, "2006": 18.4, "2007": 16.8, "2008": 17.6, "2009": 16.5, "2010": 15.1, "2011": 15.7, "2012": 14.4, "2013": 15.9, "2014": 15.1, "2015": 15.2, "2016": 13.5, "2017": 14.3, "2018": 14.9, "2019": 12.3, "2020": 13, "2021": 10.5, "2022": 11.3, "2023": 10.9, "2024": 11.2 } }, "hivDeathRate": { "name": "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population (2000 U.S. standard population)", "coverage": { "first": 1987, "last": 2024, "points": 38 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCHS Health, United States (Table SlctMort) · CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death (final)", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus20-21tables/SlctMort.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/6rkc-nb2q.json", "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/489q-934x.json", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "NCHS age-adjusted death rate from HIV disease: Health, United States Table SlctMort for 1987–2019 and CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death final data for 2020–2024 (read through a real browser and checked in; its 2018–2019 values equal the Health US table). If a later year exists only in the NCHS VSRR provisional quarterly series it is added flagged provisional. Rates use the 2000 U.S. standard population; cause coding changed to ICD-10 in 1999.", "data": { "1987": 5.6, "1988": 6.9, "1989": 9, "1990": 10.2, "1991": 11.7, "1992": 13.1, "1993": 14.4, "1994": 16, "1995": 16.2, "1996": 11.5, "1997": 6, "1998": 4.9, "1999": 5.3, "2000": 5.2, "2001": 5, "2002": 4.9, "2003": 4.7, "2004": 4.5, "2005": 4.2, "2006": 4, "2007": 3.7, "2008": 3.3, "2009": 3, "2010": 2.6, "2011": 2.4, "2012": 2.2, "2013": 2.1, "2014": 2, "2015": 1.9, "2016": 1.8, "2017": 1.6, "2018": 1.5, "2019": 1.4, "2020": 1.4, "2021": 1.3, "2022": 1.3, "2023": 1.3, "2024": 1.2 } }, "covidDeaths": { "name": "COVID-19 deaths", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "deaths", "coverage": { "first": 2020, "last": 2026, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "National Center for Health Statistics, Provisional COVID-19 Death Counts by Week Ending Date and State", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/r8kw-7aab.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/6rkc-nb2q.json", "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/489q-934x.json", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Weekly provisional COVID-19 death counts by week-ending date are summed to calendar year here, assigning each whole week to the year its ending date falls in. NCHS revises recent weeks upward as death certificates are processed, so the most recent 1–2 years may rise on a later refresh. The provisional flag identifies the latest calendar year when fewer than 52 weeks are present; revisions are ongoing, not a one-time event, and unflagged recent years can also change. This series begins in 2020 by definition. Provisional years: 2026.", "data": { "2020": 367923, "2021": 471027, "2022": 256290, "2023": 75725, "2024": 47494, "2025": 20840, "2026": 6178 } }, "childMmr24mo": { "name": "MMR ≥1 dose by 24 months", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2022, "points": 12 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Child (ChildVaxView), National Immunization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/fhky-rtsk.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC NIS-Child share receiving at least one MMR dose by age 24 months. Cohort is the birth year (children by age 24 months, by birth year). This is a paired comparison with the survey-year 19–35-month series, not a continuation of it.", "data": { "2011": 90.1, "2012": 90.6, "2013": 90.3, "2014": 89.8, "2015": 90.8, "2016": 90.8, "2017": 90.4, "2018": 92.3, "2019": 91.5, "2020": 90.2, "2021": 90.2, "2022": 91.4 } }, "childMmr1935": { "name": "MMR ≥1 dose, children 19–35 months", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1995, "last": 2017, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Child, Health, United States Table 031 (1998–2017) and the HUS 2011 trend table (1995–1997)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/nkri-ptxd.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus18tables/Table031.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Share receiving at least one measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine dose. CDC NIS-Child estimates for children 19–35 months are assigned to survey year. A cell-phone sample was added in 2011. This series ends in 2017 and must not be spliced to the birth-cohort series at 24 months.", "data": { "1995": 90, "1996": 91, "1997": 90, "1998": 92, "1999": 91.5, "2000": 90.5, "2001": 91.4, "2002": 91.6, "2003": 93, "2004": 93, "2005": 91.5, "2006": 92.3, "2007": 92.3, "2008": 92.1, "2009": 90, "2010": 91.5, "2011": 91.6, "2012": 90.8, "2013": 91.9, "2014": 91.5, "2015": 91.9, "2016": 91.1, "2017": 91.5 } }, "childDtap4_24mo": { "name": "DTaP ≥4 doses by 24 months", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2022, "points": 12 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Child (ChildVaxView), National Immunization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/fhky-rtsk.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC NIS-Child share receiving at least four DTaP doses by age 24 months. Cohort is the birth year (children by age 24 months, by birth year). This is a paired comparison with the survey-year 19–35-month series, not a continuation of it.", "data": { "2011": 80.7, "2012": 81.4, "2013": 81.2, "2014": 80.1, "2015": 80.7, "2016": 80.4, "2017": 80.9, "2018": 82.3, "2019": 81.3, "2020": 79.6, "2021": 80.4, "2022": 80.9 } }, "childDtap4_1935": { "name": "DTaP ≥4 doses, children 19–35 months", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1995, "last": 2017, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Child, Health, United States Table 031 (1998–2017) and the HUS 2011 trend table (1995–1997)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/nkri-ptxd.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus18tables/Table031.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Share receiving at least four diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis doses. CDC NIS-Child estimates for children 19–35 months are assigned to survey year. A cell-phone sample was added in 2011. This series ends in 2017 and must not be spliced to the birth-cohort series at 24 months.", "data": { "1995": 78, "1996": 81, "1997": 82, "1998": 83.9, "1999": 83.3, "2000": 81.7, "2001": 82.1, "2002": 81.6, "2003": 84.8, "2004": 85.5, "2005": 85.7, "2006": 85.2, "2007": 84.5, "2008": 84.6, "2009": 83.9, "2010": 84.4, "2011": 84.6, "2012": 82.5, "2013": 83.1, "2014": 84.2, "2015": 84.6, "2016": 83.4, "2017": 83.2 } }, "childCombined7_24mo": { "name": "Combined 7-vaccine series by 24 months", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2022, "points": 12 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Child (ChildVaxView), National Immunization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/fhky-rtsk.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC NIS-Child share completing the combined series covering DTaP, polio, MMR, Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, and PCV by age 24 months. Cohort is the birth year (children by age 24 months, by birth year). This is a paired comparison with the survey-year 19–35-month series, not a continuation of it.", "data": { "2011": 67.7, "2012": 69, "2013": 68.3, "2014": 68.5, "2015": 68.3, "2016": 69.7, "2017": 69.8, "2018": 70.1, "2019": 70.1, "2020": 68, "2021": 67, "2022": 69 } }, "childCombined7_1935": { "name": "Combined 7-vaccine series, children 19–35 months", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2009, "last": 2017, "points": 9 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Child, Health, United States Table 031 (1998–2017) and the HUS 2011 trend table (1995–1997)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/nkri-ptxd.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus18tables/Table031.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "Share completing the combined series covering DTaP, polio, MMR, Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, and PCV. CDC NIS-Child estimates for children 19–35 months are assigned to survey year. A cell-phone sample was added in 2011. This series ends in 2017 and must not be spliced to the birth-cohort series at 24 months.", "data": { "2009": 44.3, "2010": 56.6, "2011": 68.5, "2012": 68.4, "2013": 70.4, "2014": 71.6, "2015": 72.2, "2016": 70.7, "2017": 70.4 } }, "kindergartenMmr": { "name": "MMR coverage among kindergartners, national", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2010, "last": 2026, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC School Vaccination Assessment (SchoolVaxView)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/ijqb-a7ye.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC national school-assessment MMR coverage among kindergartners. State reporting completeness can vary; the national estimate is absent for 2010-11. Season or school year is mapped to the calendar year it ends (e.g. '2023-24' -> 2024).", "data": { "2010": 94.4, "2012": 94.7, "2013": 94.1, "2014": 94, "2015": 94, "2016": 94.7, "2017": 95, "2018": 95, "2019": 94.7, "2020": 95.2, "2021": 93.9, "2022": 93, "2023": 93.1, "2024": 92.7, "2025": 92.5, "2026": 92.4 } }, "kindergartenAnyExemption": { "name": "Kindergartners with any vaccination exemption", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2010, "last": 2026, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC School Vaccination Assessment (SchoolVaxView)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/ijqb-a7ye.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC national school-assessment percentage with dose category 'Any Exemption'. This dataset does not characterize whether a rise or fall in exemptions is good or bad. State reporting completeness can vary. Season or school year is mapped to the calendar year it ends (e.g. '2023-24' -> 2024).", "data": { "2010": 1.7, "2012": 1.6, "2013": 1.9, "2014": 2.1, "2015": 2.2, "2016": 2.1, "2017": 2.1, "2018": 2.3, "2019": 2.5, "2020": 2.5, "2021": 2.2, "2022": 2.6, "2023": 3, "2024": 3.3, "2025": 3.6, "2026": 4.2 } }, "kindergartenNonMedicalExemption": { "name": "Kindergartners with a non-medical vaccination exemption", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2010, "last": 2026, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC School Vaccination Assessment (SchoolVaxView)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/ijqb-a7ye.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC national school-assessment percentage with dose category 'Non-Medical Exemption'. This dataset does not characterize whether a rise or fall in exemptions is good or bad. State reporting completeness can vary. Season or school year is mapped to the calendar year it ends (e.g. '2023-24' -> 2024).", "data": { "2010": 1.5, "2012": 1.4, "2013": 1.7, "2014": 2, "2015": 2, "2016": 1.9, "2017": 1.8, "2018": 1.9, "2019": 2.2, "2020": 2.2, "2021": 1.9, "2022": 2.3, "2023": 2.8, "2024": 3.1, "2025": 3.4, "2026": 4 } }, "teenTdap": { "name": "Tdap ≥1 dose, ages 13–17 years", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2025, "points": 20 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Teen (TeenVaxView), National Immunization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/ee48-w5t6.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC NIS-Teen survey-year percentage of adolescents aged 13–17 years receiving at least one tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) dose. This is a single survey-year coverage series.", "data": { "2006": 10.8, "2007": 30.4, "2008": 40.8, "2009": 55.6, "2010": 68.7, "2011": 78.2, "2012": 84.6, "2013": 86, "2014": 87.6, "2015": 86.4, "2016": 88, "2017": 88.7, "2018": 88.9, "2019": 90.2, "2020": 90.1, "2021": 89.6, "2022": 89.9, "2023": 89, "2024": 91.3, "2025": 88.8 } }, "teenHpv1DoseFemales": { "name": "HPV ≥1 dose, females aged 13–17 years", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2025, "points": 20 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Teen (TeenVaxView), National Immunization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/ee48-w5t6.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC NIS-Teen survey-year share of females aged 13–17 years receiving at least one HPV dose. Paired with teenHpvUtd, which uses both a different dose definition (up-to-date) and different sex scope (males and females); these are not one continuous series.", "data": { "2006": 1, "2007": 25.1, "2008": 37.2, "2009": 44.3, "2010": 48.7, "2011": 53, "2012": 53.8, "2013": 57.3, "2014": 60, "2015": 62.8, "2016": 65.1, "2017": 68.6, "2018": 69.9, "2019": 73.2, "2020": 77.1, "2021": 78.5, "2022": 77.8, "2023": 78.5, "2024": 79.1, "2025": 78.7 } }, "teenHpvUtd": { "name": "HPV up-to-date, males and females aged 13–17 years", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2016, "last": 2025, "points": 10 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC NIS-Teen (TeenVaxView), National Immunization Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/ee48-w5t6.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC NIS-Teen survey-year share of males and females aged 13–17 years meeting the publisher's HPV up-to-date definition. Paired with teenHpv1DoseFemales, which measures at least one dose in females only; both dose definition and sex scope differ.", "data": { "2016": 43.4, "2017": 48.6, "2018": 51.1, "2019": 54.2, "2020": 58.6, "2021": 61.7, "2022": 62.6, "2023": 61.4, "2024": 62.9, "2025": 63.4 } }, "fluAllAges": { "name": "Seasonal influenza vaccination, ≥6 months, national", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2025, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC FluVaxView", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/vh55-3he6.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC FluVaxView national season estimate for people aged at least six months. Season or school year is mapped to the calendar year it ends (e.g. '2023-24' -> 2024). Uses the maximum cumulative coverage per season, verified against the latest observation in July-to-June month order. The 2009-10 H1N1 season, which FluVaxView reports with three different end-of-season figures per age group, is excluded; the series begins with 2010-11. The 2023-24 season, which the dataset labels differently, is included under the same age group.", "data": { "2011": 43, "2012": 41.8, "2013": 45, "2014": 46.2, "2015": 47.1, "2016": 45.6, "2017": 46.8, "2018": 41.7, "2019": 49.2, "2020": 51.8, "2021": 52.1, "2022": 51.4, "2023": 49.3, "2024": 47.2, "2025": 43.8 } }, "flu65Season": { "name": "Seasonal influenza vaccination, ≥65 years, FluVaxView", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2025, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC FluVaxView", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/vh55-3he6.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC FluVaxView season estimate for adults aged 65 years or older. The NHIS past-12-months self-report by calendar year and the FluVaxView season estimate are a paired comparison of two different instruments and must not be spliced into one series. Season or school year is mapped to the calendar year it ends (e.g. '2023-24' -> 2024). Uses the maximum cumulative coverage per season, verified against the latest observation in July-to-June month order. The 2009-10 H1N1 season, which FluVaxView reports with three different end-of-season figures per age group, is excluded; the series begins with 2010-11. The 2023-24 season, which the dataset labels differently, is included under the same age group.", "data": { "2011": 66.6, "2012": 64.9, "2013": 66.2, "2014": 65, "2015": 66.7, "2016": 63.4, "2017": 65.3, "2018": 59.6, "2019": 68.1, "2020": 69.8, "2021": 75.2, "2022": 73.9, "2023": 69.7, "2024": 69.7, "2025": 63.8 } }, "flu65Nhis": { "name": "Seasonal influenza vaccination, ≥65 years, NHIS", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2016, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), Health, United States Table 068", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus17tables/table068.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "NHIS percentage aged 65 years or older reporting influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, assigned to survey calendar year; this HUS table run ends in 2016. The NHIS past-12-months self-report by calendar year and the FluVaxView season estimate are a paired comparison of two different instruments and must not be spliced into one series.", "data": { "1989": 30.4, "1991": 41.7, "1993": 52, "1994": 55.3, "1995": 58.2, "1997": 63.2, "1998": 63.3, "1999": 65.7, "2000": 64.4, "2001": 63.1, "2002": 65.7, "2003": 65.5, "2004": 64.6, "2005": 59.7, "2006": 64.3, "2007": 66.7, "2008": 67.2, "2009": 66.8, "2010": 63.9, "2011": 66.9, "2012": 66.5, "2013": 67.9, "2014": 70.1, "2015": 69.1, "2016": 67.5 } }, "pneumococcal65": { "name": "Pneumococcal vaccination, ≥65 years, CDC adult coverage", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 2008, "last": 2024, "points": 17 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC adult vaccination coverage", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/aetd-68ew.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "CDC adult-coverage estimate of pneumococcal vaccination among adults aged 65 years or older, assigned to the publisher's survey calendar year. It is kept separate from the historical NHIS HUS Table 069 series; matching age scope alone does not establish instrument continuity.", "data": { "2008": 65.8, "2009": 66.7, "2010": 68, "2011": 69.6, "2012": 68.3, "2013": 68.4, "2014": 69.3, "2015": 71.9, "2016": 72.4, "2017": 74.7, "2018": 71.8, "2019": 71.7, "2020": 70.3, "2021": 70.1, "2022": 70, "2023": 70.2, "2024": 70.3 } }, "pneumococcal65Nhis": { "name": "Pneumococcal vaccination, ever received, ≥65 years, NHIS", "category": "Disease & Vaccination", "unit": "percent", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2016, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Health, United States Table 069", "sourceUrl": "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus17tables/table069.xlsx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Disease-And-Vaccination" ], "note": "NHIS percentage of adults aged 65 years or older reporting ever receiving pneumococcal vaccination, assigned to survey calendar year. The HUS Table 069 run ends in 2016. This is an ever-received measure rather than vaccination during that year.", "data": { "1989": 14.1, "1991": 21.2, "1993": 28.2, "1994": 29.7, "1995": 34, "1997": 42.4, "1998": 46, "1999": 49.7, "2000": 53.1, "2001": 54, "2002": 56, "2003": 55.6, "2004": 56.8, "2005": 56.2, "2006": 57.1, "2007": 57.7, "2008": 60, "2009": 60.6, "2010": 59.7, "2011": 62.3, "2012": 59.9, "2013": 59.7, "2014": 61.3, "2015": 63.6, "2016": 66.9 } } } }